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How did the Punic Wars happen? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the Punic Wars happen? By the middle of the XNUMXrd century. BC e. The strongest states in the western Mediterranean were the Carthaginian power, which had dominated here for a long time, and the newly formed Roman slave-owning confederation. Both Carthage and Rome pursued an aggressive foreign policy, determined by the nature of the slave economy, for which military expansion was a necessary condition for its development. Each of them aspired to become the hegemon of the Western Mediterranean world. In the middle of the XNUMXrd century. BC e. contradictions between them led to the beginning of the first Punic War (the Romans called the Carthaginians Punics). The cause of the first Punic War was the struggle between Rome and Carthage over Sicily, most of which (west) was in the hands of Carthage, and the smaller (eastern) part of the island was owned by the Syracusan tyrant Agathocles. The reason for the war was the capture of the Sicilian city of Messana by mercenaries from the campaign. After the death of the tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, for whom they were in the service, the Mamertines took possession of Messana. The new ruler of Syracuse, Hieron II, successfully opposed them and besieged Messana. The twenty-three-year war exhausted the strength of the warring parties. Therefore, Carthage's proposal to begin peace negotiations was accepted by the Roman Senate. According to the peace treaty of 241 BC. e. Carthage had to pay Rome an indemnity of 10 talents for 3200 years, hand over tribal members, agree not to hire warriors from the tribes of the Apennine Peninsula into its army, and, most importantly, surrender its possessions in Sicily to Roman rule. Syracuse remained an independent city. The Romans adhered to the principle of "divide and rule" here too. The Second Punic War (218-210 BC) was one of the largest wars of antiquity in its scale, scope and historical significance. The reason for it was the events associated with the seaside city of Saguntum, which concluded an alliance treaty with Rome. In 219 B.C. e. the new commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army, Hannibal, besieged Saguntum, captured and plundered it, and sold the inhabitants into slavery. Defining the essence of the first two Punic wars, we can say that the reasons for the victories of Rome were due to the numerical superiority of its troops, which were distinguished by high fighting qualities and the availability of material resources. Numerous Italian rural population, which constituted the main parts of the Roman army, fought for their own lands. The brilliant victories of the Carthaginian Hannibal were due to the talent of the commander, the suddenness of the invasion of Italy, and the temporary weakening of the Roman Confederation. But Hannibal did not have the means to consolidate his successes. Hannibal's hopes for a quick collapse of the Roman-Italian confederation did not come true. In 19 B.C. e. At the initiative of Rome, the third Punic War began. The reason for the war was the conflict between Numidia and Carthage. The Numidian king, with the support of Rome, began to seize the Carthaginian territory. There were armed clashes. Carthage did not have the right to start hostilities without the permission of Rome. Rome declared war on Carthage. The Carthaginians were ready to make peace on any terms. But the Romans offered the Carthaginians to leave the city and move to a distance of 15 km from the sea. The Carthaginians decided to defend themselves to the end. The Romans eventually defeated the army of Carthage. On the lands belonging to Carthage, the Roman province of Africa was formed. As a result of the wars of conquest, Rome became the strongest slave-owning power in the Mediterranean. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How correctly did Jules Verne predict the circumstances of the first flight to the moon? In 1865, the French writer Jules Verne published the novel "From the Earth to the Moon" - 103 years before the first real manned flight to the moon. The predictions made in this book are amazing. Thus, the crew of the fictitious projectile (like the crews of the American Apollo spacecraft) consisted of three people. J. Verne chose Florida as the launch site and placed the "cosmodrome" not far from Cape Canaveral. He correctly indicated the initial velocity of the projectile required to break away from the earth's gravity. In the next volume, entitled "Around the Moon," J. Verne described the effect of weightlessness and even depicted the descent of a spacecraft engulfed in flames in the Earth's atmosphere and its splashdown in the Pacific Ocean - while only 5 kilometers from the place where Apollo splashed down in 1969 -11", returned from the moon.
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