How did the Republic begin in Rome? Detailed answer

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How did the Republic begin in Rome? Detailed answer

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How did the Republic begin in Rome?

From the heights of the Capitoline Hill, almighty Jupiter patronizes Rome. He has been named after Jupiter Capitolinus since the time when the temple erected on the Capitoline Hill was consecrated in his honor. This happened in the year the Republic was established (509 BC).

While the Greeks created democracy, the Romans, having expelled the Etruscan kings, decided to establish a political organization in which power belongs to the people, but is exercised through their representatives, that is, the republic. Management was entrusted to magistrates, elected for one year: the quaestors were in charge of finances; aediles inspected buildings, were responsible for supplying the city and holding games; the praetors presided over the court; at the top of the hierarchy were two consuls.

The establishment of the republican system took place gradually and sometimes at the cost of serious conflicts: for example, families whose representatives could claim the title of consul in the early years of the republic's existence very quickly formed the patrician caste. The patricians sought to dominate the state. In response to this, the plebeians, to whom the rest of the people belonged, decided to go to Mount Aventine: the patricians were forced to make concessions, and then the people received their magistrates - tribunes. At the assemblies, called comitia, the entire Roman people gathered - both patricians and plebeians. Only women were not allowed there. The comitia passed laws and annually elected magistrates. A significant share of power was in the hands of the Senate, which consisted of 300 members - people from the aristocracy, people with great authority, among whom were former consuls.

Easily recognizable by their togas, bordered by a wide purple stripe, senators were required to refrain from commercial activities. Sitting in the building of the curia, located in the city center, the senators determined the budget of the state, established how many legionnaires needed to be recruited, received foreign ambassadors, declared war and signed peace treaties. They considered drafts of all laws before putting them to popular vote. As in the comitia, the meetings of the Senate were chaired in turn by the highest magistrates - the consuls. Consuls were chosen at popular assemblies; they needed the consent of the senate to decide on finances or recruitment. The consuls had considerable autonomy in negotiating with foreign powers and in commanding the army. Participating in military companies, the consuls were often far from Rome. In such cases, the senate appointed a dictator for a certain period of time, who replaced the consuls and had special powers. The dictator was always accompanied by a rider.

From the moment of its birth, the Roman Republic had to defend itself against its neighbors: first it was the city of Latium, which used any internal troubles to eliminate a rival that had become too powerful; then - the Etruscans, who sought to restore royal power in Rome.

The last century of the existence of the Republic was a time of excesses and violence. This led to the collapse of the political system, previously considered ideal. Degradation took place in an atmosphere of civil strife and crisis development of the social, political, economic, spiritual and intellectual spheres. As soon as all Catholics received Roman citizenship, politicians began to claim a greater share of power, and the army began to exist not for the Republic, but for the generals.

At the end of the republican rule, a whole gallery of portraits of prominent personalities was created. Plutarch wrote biographies of these people, drawing parallels between them and famous Greek figures. Each of these politicians had their share of responsibility for the fall of the Republic: they all had exorbitant ambitions, and, moreover, they simply did not understand that political institutions cannot be kept intact when society undergoes major changes. However, they were all exceptional people in their own way.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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