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What were the features of the emergence of the Ancient Roman state? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the features of the emergence of the Ancient Roman state? In the 59nd-17st centuries. BC e. legends and tales about the most ancient period of Roman history, having become widespread among the cultural strata of the Roman population itself, were accepted by Roman authors and formed the basis of their works. They are most fully and thoroughly outlined by the outstanding Roman historian Titus Livius (XNUMX BC - XNUMX AD). According to modern researchers of the ancient history of Rome, the emergence of individual settlements on the hills along the left bank of the Tiber River should be dated back to the XNUMXth century. BC e. In the XNUMXth century. BC e. through the area where the central parts of the city of Rome were later located, a large road passed from the mountainous areas in the southeast to the Tiber River. Along this “salt road” we went to the saltworks. Craftsmen began to settle at the river crossing. In the XNUMXth century. BC e. scattered settlements on the nearby hills and near the crossing merged into a single urban community. The center of the new city became a fortress on the steep Capitoline Hill, rising above the bank of the Tiber River. The low-lying space between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, previously used for burials, was turned into the central square of the new city - the “forum”. Trading took place on the forum on ordinary days. Citizens gathered here, public affairs were discussed, heralds spoke, religious processions took place, and rituals of worship of the gods were performed. Since the new city arose at the junction of the areas of settlements of various ancient Italic tribes, its original population consisted of three separate tribal associations. According to historical tradition, these ancient tribes were called: Titii, Ramni, Lucers. According to modern scientists, these names belonged to the Sabines, Latins and Etruscans, confirming the multi-tribal composition of Rome in ancient times. Tribes - "tribes" - consisted of united clans - "curiae". Each curia had ten clans, and each tribe had ten curiae. Citizens who were members of clan associations were initially considered members of the community, constituting the bulk of the population who knew their fathers. These were the "patricians". Only they constituted initially full-fledged citizenship. Each clan had its own clan name, which, along with the proper name and nickname of individuals or family groups, was borne by each member of the clan association. Therefore, even in later historical times, the Romans had a name consisting of three parts - Gaius Julius Caesar. The Senate elected the leader for life. The king presided over the Senate, made sacrifices to the gods on behalf of the entire community and led the citizens' militia - the "legion". Over time, along with the old citizenship - the patricians, another layer of the free population appeared in Rome - the plebeians. "Plebeians" were not included in the tribal association of patricians. Many of them were engaged in crafts and trade, others came under the patronage of individual patricians and received plots of land from their patrons. The plebeians did not enjoy civil rights, but over time they began to be included in the Roman military militia. Slaves were the lowest stratum of the Roman population. Many of them were from among the prisoners of war, others were bought from neighboring tribes. Finally, bonded slavery was an important source of replenishment of the slave population. According to ancient legal customs, a person who borrowed grain, cattle or copper, which replaced money in ancient Italy, had to return the person who gave him the loan (creditor) with interest on time. The cruel law of debt caused discontent among the plebeians. It especially intensified when Rome and its region came under the rule of the Etruscan conquerors. Historical tradition dates it back to the middle of the XNUMXth century. BC e. a very important reform attributed to King Servius Tullius. According to Titus Livius, Servius Tillius allowed the plebeians to participate in the popular assembly. Keeping outwardly the old division into tribes, Servius Tullius turned the tribes from an ancient tribal union into a territorial division. He established four territorial tribes, subsequently their number increased to 35. Created an assembly of warriors. Warriors were divided into five classes according to property. Voices in centuriant collisions (a meeting of warriors) were cast in hundreds. One hundred had one vote. The reforms of Servius Tullius aroused the discontent of the Roman patriciate. Taking advantage of it, Tarquinius Sukerbus overthrew and killed his predecessor. But after a while, with violence and cruelty, he aroused indignation. Modern researchers believe that the fall of the power of the Etruscan kings in Rome and its weakening in Locia occurred as a result of the defeat inflicted by the Greeks on the Etruscan fleet off the coast of Campania. Thus the Roman aristocratic republic was established, which lasted until the end of the XNUMXst century. n. e. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Which city is called the Venice of the East? Thailand occupies the center of the Indochina Peninsula and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which protrudes far into the South China Sea. Thailand is a mostly flat country. In the center is the Menam lowland, surrounded on all sides by mountains. Only in the south does it go to the Gulf of Thailand. The Menam lowland is the historical center of the country. Archaeologists have discovered that people were engaged in agriculture here in the XII-XI millennium BC, and in the VI-V millennium BC they already knew how to melt metal. The peoples of the Thai group live on the plain, or, in other words, the Siamese. Khmers and Chinese also live here. Here flows the largest river in Thailand - Menam, or Chao Phraya ("mother of rivers"). Timber is rafted along it from the northern mountainous regions to the Gulf of Thailand, and ships with goods rise from the south to the center of the country. The whole lowland is occupied by rice fields. Rice for the people of Thailand is not only a staple food, but also the country's main export. Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is located on the Maenam lowland, 25 kilometers from the mouth of the Menam. The city is called the Venice of the East, and for good reason. A network of canals connects its streets with the river, and there are no fewer boats in the city than houses, many citizens even live on the water. Right on the river, on floating bazaars, there is trade. Bangkok is the economic center of Thailand. The city is growing and developing rapidly.
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