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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
What were the lives and activities of primitive people? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What were the lives and activities of primitive people? The first species of modern humans appeared 90 thousand years ago in the Middle East and North Africa. For a long time they coexisted with the last Neanderthals, who gradually disappeared from the face of the Earth. More than 30 thousand years ago, primitive art appeared and flourished, testifying to the developed figurative thinking and artistic feeling of the ancients. The hunting people of the Upper Paleolithic lived during the period of the last glaciation, called in Europe the Wurm. They quickly adapted to the changing climatic conditions, began to populate new territories, reaching the glacial and arctic regions. One of the characteristics of the Upper Paleolithic is the improved technology of making tools. A person who lived 35-9 thousand years BC. e., he himself crushed stones into thin plates and strips. They became the basis for a variety of weapons - light and effective. Bone tools were also made, constantly changing for 25 millennia. The hunters of the Upper Paleolithic were the bearers of the experience of previous generations and already knew perfectly well what their territory was rich in and what was the way of life of game, herbivores (living both in herds and alone), carnivores, small mammals, birds. People adapted to the seasonal migrations of the reindeer, the hunting of which fully satisfied their need for meat food. Prehistoric people also used the fur skins of predators, mammoth tusks and the teeth of various animals to make art and jewelry. On occasion, hunters were engaged in fishing, which became a valuable help in certain months, as well as gathering, which played an equally important role in the warm season. During the nomads, people also found other natural materials, primarily various types of stone, necessary for turning tools. The primitive man knew where the deposits of flint were located, where he systematically visited to select and carry away the best pieces that were not subjected to glaciation, from which he cut the plates. Still people picked up stones of soft breeds for sculptural products and engravings. They found shells of marine animals, fossil bones, and sometimes they followed them hundreds of kilometers from their place of stay. The nomadic way of life of the hunters of the Upper Paleolithic assumed a fair distribution of duties and cooperation of all members of the community. Everywhere, wherever people went, they sought to protect themselves from cold, wind, dampness and dangerous animals. The housing model depended on the type of activity, the type of social organization and the level of culture of primitive people. Certain requirements were imposed on the shelter: a convenient approach, the proximity of the river, an elevated location above the valley with animals grazing above it. The dwelling was insulated: a "double roof" was erected. But more often they still settled in the valleys, on the plains or plateaus, where they built huts and tents. In this case, a variety of materials were used, sometimes even mammoth bones. The term "Paleolithic art" combines works of very different artistic styles and techniques. Rock painting is the art of painting on stone walls, which, since Gravettian times, has conquered the depths of the underground and turned them into sanctuaries. Every corner of the more than a hundred caves of the Centabrian Mountains is covered with masterpieces of Magdalenian culture. The artistic technique of that time was very diverse: drawing lines with fingers on clay, carving on various supports, actually painting, carried out in a variety of ways - spraying liquid paint, applying it with a brush, combining paint and carving on the same image. Until the XNUMXth millennium BC. e. in the Middle East and until the XNUMXth millennium in Europe, man lived by hunting, fishing and gathering. In the Neolithic era, his way of life changed radically: by raising livestock and cultivating the land, he himself began to produce food for himself. Thanks to pastoralism, people provided themselves with food supplies that were constantly at their disposal; in addition to meat, domestic animals gave milk, wool, and skin. The emergence of villages preceded the development of cattle breeding and agriculture. Neolithic meant a new socio-economic organization of life. But this era brought with it a number of major technical innovations: pottery, stone grinding, weaving. During the Neolithic era, giant stone monuments - megaliths - appeared in Western Europe. It is believed that with the construction of the megalith, the peasant community declared the establishment of its control over a certain territory. Society gradually changed. And although the clan group still produced everything it needed for life, along with the peasants, miners, bronze craftsmen, and small traders began to appear. The need to protect mines and trade routes led to the emergence of a special class - warriors. If in the Neolithic era people lived in relative equality, then the Bronze Age was already marked by the emergence of a social hierarchy. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How did the hospital come about? Caring for the weak and sick members of society has been a problem since ancient times. But the idea of hospitals is fairly new in human history. The Greeks, for example, did not have public institutions for the care of the sick. Some of the doctors kept surgical rooms where they could work. But they were very small, and only one patient could be treated. The Romans set up infirmaries during wartime, which were used to treat sick and wounded soldiers. Later, infirmaries arose in large cities and were supported from public funds. Roman influence was fundamental in the organization of hospitals. With the advent of Christianity, the care of the sick became the duty of the church. In the Middle Ages, monasteries contained most of the hospitals. The nuns took care of the sick. The habit of making pilgrimages to holy places also contributed to the development of the idea of hospitals. These pilgrimages were often lengthy, and travelers were forced to stay overnight in small inns along the roads. They were called "hospitalia", or guest house (from the Latin word for "guest"). Such hotels attached to monasteries devoted themselves to the care of sick and weakened travelers. In this regard, the name "hospital" remained to indicate the place of care for the sick. Since living conditions in the Middle Ages were not very comfortable, and hygiene was not up to par, the hospitals of those days were far from clean and tidy. In some hospitals, two or more patients were in one bed. In the 1524th century, there was a significant improvement in living conditions. People began to understand that it is the duty of the state to take care of the weak. But public hospitals did not become commonplace in the big cities of England until the 1663th century, and soon the idea of public hospitals began to spread and they appeared throughout Europe. In North America, the first hospital was built by Cortes in Mexico City in XNUMX. Among the British colonies, the first hospital was organized by the East India Company on the island of Manhattan in XNUMX.
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