What sunken ship became a source of metal for space satellites? Detailed answer

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What sunken ship became a source of metal for space satellites? Detailed answer

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What sunken ship became a source of metal for space satellites?

Steel for American satellites measuring cosmic radiation had to be mined from the Kronprinz Wilhelm ship sunk in 1919, because the radiation background from steel made after 1945 is too high.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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When was the first pottery made?

Wet clay can be molded into any shape. After a few days, the clay will dry out and become hard. If the clay is dried or fired, its structure changes. Products made from fired clay are called ceramics. Ceramic vessels are called pottery. The first pottery was made about 10 thousand years ago. To prevent the stored grain from spilling through the holes in the baskets, these baskets were coated with wet clay from the inside. Perhaps one day one such basket fell into the fire. The reed burned down, and the first pottery was made.

There are three types of pottery - pottery, pottery and porcelain. The simplest type of pottery - earthenware - is made from clay and fired. It is porous and slowly passes water. As time went on, people learned that some stones can be melted into a kind of glass. Stones were crushed and mixed with clay. Pottery made from such clay is called pottery. Ceramic products do not pass water and can be used for cooking on fire.

During the Tang Dynasty (618-906), the Chinese began to make a different kind of pottery. They were made from special white clay mixed with crushed stones. Such pottery, called porcelain, was fired in kilns at a temperature sufficient to melt iron. Porcelain products were translucent (light could be seen through them) and durable. Around 3300 BC, the potter's wheel began to be used. The potter placed a piece of clay on a circle in the center. During the rotation of the circle, he gave the clay the necessary shape, pressing on it with his fingers. Pots made on a circle are always round.

People of all ancient civilizations - Egyptian, Persian, Mesopotamian - made beautiful pottery. The Egyptians used icing in many colors. The Persians were painting their pottery as early as 4000 BC. The ancient Greeks and Romans also made large earthenware vases. But the most beautiful pottery in ancient times was made by the Chinese.

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100 Mbps for ISS 03.05.2020

A four-year-old project to create satellite systems for high-speed communication between space and ground stations is undergoing field testing. The equipment delivered earlier to the ISS made it possible to establish a downlink laser communication channel with a bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s with the ground station. The developer of technology and equipment was Sony.

Developed by Sony in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), the communication equipment is based on laser optical disc recording technology. Sony has a wealth of experience in this. By adapting data encoding mechanisms for writing to disk for transmission over an optical (laser) channel, the company was able to help develop the foundations of laser space communications.

Communication equipment was delivered to the ISS in September last year. Then it was mounted on an open Japanese Kibo module. Tests and equipment adjustments were carried out about once a week, when the weather allowed. For the first time, the SOLISS (small optical link for the International Space Station) downlink laser was installed on October 25, 2019. The first bi-directional link using a 1,5 µm laser was installed with a ground station on 5 March. The first HD images from the ISS were received via a laser Ethernet channel on March 11.

A series of experiments with equipment for laser communication will last until June 2020. It is assumed that communication via SOLISS channels will provide real-time transmission of large data arrays both between space stations, which will be required in further lunar and Martian missions, and between spacecraft and ground stations.

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