How did the 18th century chess computer work? Detailed answer

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How did the 18th century chess computer work? Detailed answer

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How did the 18th century chess computer work?

In 1770, the Hungarian Wolfgang von Kempelen designed a chess "computer" - an apparatus in the form of a chess table and a mechanical Turk that moved the pieces with his hands. The apparatus won most of the games, among the defeated were Napoleon and Benjamin Franklin. Many scientists puzzled over the principle of the "Turk", and only 50 years later they exposed the deception - a live operator of the machine was hiding under the table.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What historical event gave birth to the English idiom Turn with a blind eye?

During the Battle of Copenhagen, Sir Hyde Parker Jr., Commander-in-Chief of the British Navy, ordered a retreat. Noticing the commands coming through the semaphore alphabet, Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson put a telescope to his blind eye and said: "I do not see any signals", after which the forces under his command continued the battle and eventually defeated the Danish fleet. In the next naval battle, Nelson himself commanded the British, and the idiom "turning a blind eye" was fixed in the English language.

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Human embryos are created artificially 28.06.2023

The created embryos are devoid of heart and brain structures, but include cells responsible for the formation of the placenta, yolk sac and the embryo itself.

Scientific experts have developed synthetic human embryos using stem cells. This significant achievement opens up new perspectives without the use of eggs and sperm.

These models of embryonic structures, which mimic early stages of human development, will help expand our knowledge of genetic disorders and the biological causes of recurrent miscarriages, the researchers say.

Although these structures do not have a heartbeat or a developed brain, they include cells normally responsible for the formation of the placenta, the yolk sac, and the embryo itself. However, this discovery raises significant ethical and legal questions, as these created embryos are not subject to the existing laws of most countries in the world.

Currently, the use of synthetic embryos in clinical practice is not expected. It is illegal to transplant them into the womb of patients, and it is also unknown if these structures are able to continue their development.

"The idea is that if we can reliably model normal human embryonic development using stem cells, we can get a significant amount of information about the initial stage of our development and possible disorders. In doing so, we will not use early embryos as objects of study," explained Professor Robin Lovell-Bedge, Head of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics at the Francis Crick Institute in London.

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