What is vodka? Detailed answer

Free technical library

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

What is vodka? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Comments on the article

Did you know?

What is vodka?

Vodka is ethyl alcohol diluted with water up to 40-56%, obtained from sugar or wheat grain.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Who and how first achieved success in the fight against bacteria, and how did it end for him?

The first successful attack on bacteria was made by the Hungarian obstetrician Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865). He drew attention to the fact that in the maternity ward of one of the Vienna hospitals in which he worked, more than 12 percent of women in labor died from puerperal fever (postpartum sepsis, blood infection), and in the neighboring maternity hospital, which was served by nuns, the mortality rate did not exceed 3 percent.

Semmelweis noticed that it was much cleaner there - the charter of the order prescribed strict personal hygiene for the nuns. In the city hospital, doctors operated in dirty gowns and, moreover, often came to patients directly from the anatomical theater. Semmelweis suspected that doctors and students were somehow bringing the disease into the delivery room and passing it on to women who were being assisted in childbirth. His suspicions were further strengthened when one of the hospital doctors, cut himself during the autopsy, died of an illness whose symptoms closely resembled those of puerperal fever.

In 1846, Semmelweis developed a method of dealing with postpartum sepsis - thorough washing of hands, followed by disinfection with bleach solution - and insisted on its use by doctors in the maternity ward. A year later, the death rate in the maternity ward had dropped to 1,5 percent. Despite this apparent success, Semmelweis' method was met with hostility by his conservative hospital colleagues. Viennese obstetricians were offended that they were considered the cause of the high mortality of women in childbirth, and the fact that they were forced to wash their hands was considered a direct insult.

Semmelweis had to leave Vienna and go to Budapest. Applying his method there, he sharply reduced the death rate in the wards of women in labor. And in Vienna, everything went on as before: mortality in maternity wards returned to its original level. Semmelweis almost did not live to see the day when his suspicions about the mechanism of transmission of the disease were scientifically proven thanks to the discoveries of Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister.

In Budapest, in 1906, a monument to Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was erected with the inscription: "The Savior of Mothers."

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ Why do crossbills nest in winter?

▪ Which leader is named after the flower that blooms on that leader's birthday?

▪ What animals at the moment of danger can make claws from subcutaneous bones?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Sodium-ion batteries 22.03.2021

Today, lithium-ion batteries dominate the market for efficient energy storage systems, but the latest sodium-ion batteries are already poised to replace them in data centers, telecommunications, and home and energy backup systems.

Sodium-ion batteries promise to be cheaper, safer and more environmentally friendly than lithium-ion. They do not contain metals and substances hazardous to human health either in the cathodes or in the electrolyte, and the reserves of sodium in the earth's crust are thousands of times greater than those of lithium. The only thing in which sodium-ion batteries are inferior to lithium ones is about half the specific energy storage density.

So, if commercial lithium-containing batteries can store an average of 285 Wh / kg, then promising sodium-ion batteries promise up to 140 Wh / kg. But this only means that sodium-ion batteries are unprofitable in small devices such as smartphones, while this is not critical for backup power supplies. For large systems, it is important that the cost of sodium-ion batteries will be 10-20% less than lithium-ion, and over time this difference will only increase.

Prototypes of new sodium ion cells can achieve energy densities in excess of 140 Wh/kg. At the same time, a number of studies are underway that promise to bring the capacity of sodium-ion batteries closer to 200 Wh / kg, but this will be the next stage in the development of such battery cells.

Other interesting news:

▪ Human tissues can be printed

▪ Women remember words better than men

▪ Happiness from altruism is short-lived

▪ Wireless charging of electric vehicles on the go

▪ Wi-Fi will double in speed

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the Garland website. Article selection

▪ article What do you, O late descendants, think about our days? Popular expression

▪ article Where and when did Baron Munchausen live? Detailed answer

▪ article Pharmaceutical ginger. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Tree. Simple recipes and tips

▪ article Pinout for different models of mobile phones. Part 1. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews