Who is Cleopatra? Detailed answer

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Who is Cleopatra? Detailed answer

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Who is Cleopatra?

Cleopatra, the last Egyptian Ptolemaic queen, was dethroned by her own brother, after which she turned to the Roman emperor Julius Caesar for support. With his help, she in 46 BC. e. moved to Rome and together with Caesar he (son from Caesar) and retinue settled in the villa of Caesar, where she lived until the death of the emperor.

After the death of Caesar, Cleopatra returned to Egypt. During the civil war, she joined Mark Antony. Later they married (probably in 36 BC). Cleopatra died on the last day of August 30 BC. e. and was buried next to Antony, as requested by Octavian in her suicide letter.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

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How did the balalaika appear?

Among Russian folk stringed instruments there is one with an unusual fate - this is domra, which was widespread in Russia in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries, and then suddenly ... completely disappeared.

Domra is similar to a balalaika, it is also three-stringed, only its body is not triangular, but semicircular. But just like the balalaika, the body of the domra is made of separate planks. Domras were of different sizes: there were "domrishko", "domra" and "big bass domra".

Once upon a time in Russia there were a lot of domrachi - masters of playing the domra, especially among buffoons. But the church called a cheerful game on any folk musical instruments "demonic games." By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1648, it was announced that "buffoons with domras and bagpipes ... should not be called into the house, they would not listen to any demonic games ... and masks (that is, various carnival masks) should not be put on themselves imposed ... And where will domras appear ... and all sorts of buzzing demonic vessels, take them out (that is, take them away) and, having broken them ... burn them. How could anyone disobey such a formidable order of the king? Therefore, domra has practically disappeared. But you can't forbid people's craving for music! Domra disappeared, but the balalaika appeared!

Already at the end of the XNUMXth century, an instrument very reminiscent of domra appeared, but only of a triangular shape. Maybe the triangular balalaika was invented so that it would not look like a domra? So that by playing the balalaika the king's decree is not violated? After all, the decree did not say anything about the balalaika!

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Antibiotics interfere with childhood vaccinations 20.05.2022

The level of vaccine antibodies in young children is lower if they were given antibiotics at the time of vaccination.

Children receive (if they receive) their first vaccinations in their first six months of life, but if the child is not lucky and has caught some kind of infection, then antibiotics are also waiting for him. Rochester Central Hospital Research Institute and Rochester Institute of Technology researchers have been comparing vaccine responses in children aged six months to one year for ten years: some of them received antibiotics, some did not. There were four types of vaccines: combined against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough, against poliomyelitis, against pneumococci and against Haemophilus influenzae.

It turned out that antibiotics reduce the effectiveness of vaccines: with them, the level of corresponding antibodies that developed immunity against vaccine pathogens decreased, and the more antibiotics a child was given, the less antibodies he had. In the first vaccination, the level of antibodies fell by an average of 5-11% for each antibiotic course; when children were given a booster (an extra dose of vaccine) in the second year of life, the level of the same antibodies dropped by 12-21% with each course of antibiotics.

The type of antibiotics and duration of use also played a role. Broad-spectrum antibiotics lowered vaccine antibody levels more than specific-target antibiotics; and if the treatment was extended for ten days, then this affected vaccine immunity worse than when antibiotics were given only five days (in general, a five-day course of antibiotics had almost no effect on the level of antibodies).

Antibiotics kill not only harmful bacteria, but also beneficial symbionts in the intestinal microflora. And the microflora, as we already know well, is needed not only for proper digestion - it actively interacts with the immune system, helping to calibrate immune reactions, helping the immune system learn to distinguish its own from others, harmful microbes from harmless ones. Obviously, due to losses in the microflora after a course of antibiotics, children's immunity cannot respond effectively enough to the vaccine.

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