How is heat and cold formed? Detailed answer

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How is heat and cold formed? Detailed answer

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How is heat and cold formed?

Some objects feel hot to the touch, others feel cold. Sometimes the air seems hot to us, sometimes cool. Why is it so? According to modern theory, heat is obtained as a result of the movement of molecules and atoms. For example, the molecules that make up air are able to move freely, bumping into each other and into various objects in their path. Now, these molecules can move faster or slower. If they move fast, we say that the air temperature is high and that the air is hot. If they move slowly (as they do on a cold day), we feel that the air is cold. As for liquid and solid substances, the atoms and molecules in them, although they cannot move freely, are still able to accelerate their movement.

For example, in a hot iron cube, the atoms make about a million movements per second, that is, they move extremely fast. If you touch this cube with your fingertip, you will feel pain, because this movement was transmitted to the molecules of your skin in a sudden and sharp contact with fast moving iron particles. Do molecules really move? Numerous experiments fully confirm this.

Indeed, under a microscope, one can see how tiny particles of matter in a drop of water constantly tremble under the impact of millions of invisible moving molecules. The average speed of an oxygen molecule at the melting temperature of ice is about four hundred and twenty meters per second, and a hydrogen molecule is four times faster. In fifteen cubic centimeters of air, thousands of billions of collisions between molecules occur every second! Heat and temperature are not the same thing. The thermal energy that a body contains depends on the energy of the movement of its molecules and atoms. The amount of heat is measured in calories.

A calorie is equal to the amount of heat it takes to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. And the temperature of the body shows to what degree, or "degree", this thermal energy warmed it up. The lowest possible temperature is 273 degrees below zero Celsius. Scientists believe that at this temperature, the molecules stop moving, that is, they are at rest.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

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Space dogs Belka and Strelka received these names only six days before the flight. Before that, Belka was Vilna, and Strelka was a Drop, and even earlier, either Silva or a Martian. These data were found in the archival notebook of Oleg Gazenko, who supervised the physiological training of these and many other dogs of the Soviet space program.

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