Who is Napoleon? Detailed answer

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Who is Napoleon? Detailed answer

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Who is Napoleon?

Few people in history have had as profound an impact on the world and the times in which they lived as Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica. As a boy, he identified with the great heroes of ancient history whom he read about. He was barely sixteen years old when he graduated from the military academy in Paris. At twenty-four, Bonaparte was promoted to the rank of brigadier general for the liberation of the city of Toulon from the British who had captured it. Then he led armies to victory over Austria, won the war in Egypt. Napoleon became the first consul, the ruler of France. He reformed the entire structure of the country's government.

In 1804, Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor of France. During the ten years of Napoleonic rule, the French empire was in almost continuous war. His victories ensured his dominance over Europe from Spain to the borders of Russia. In 1812 he decided to invade Russia with an army of over six hundred thousand men. Even though he captured Moscow, his army did not have sufficient supplies, so they had to return home. Only about a hundred thousand people survived the march home.

After several other defeats, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled into exile on the island of Elba. Then he left the Elbe and raised a new army, but in 1815 at Waterloo he was defeated by an army under the command of Wellington and Blucher. Napoleon surrendered to the British, who exiled him as a prisoner to the barren island of Saint Helena. There he died on May 5, 1821. While he led France to new greatness and power, it can also be said that he caused great suffering and ruined the lives of entire nations.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Do dogs dream?

If you have a dog in the house, you probably noticed that sometimes in a dream he makes some sounds, twitches or jerks his paws, as if chasing someone. Most dog owners who notice this think it is a sign that their dog is dreaming. While these people can't say with certainty that their dogs dream, scientists are likely to say that dogs probably don't dream after all.

To understand this theory of scientists, we must remember that both man and animals became what they are as a result of evolution. This means that over the course of millions of years we have gradually undergone changes. Although man and animals are similar in many ways, the mind and senses of animals have evolved in a slightly different direction from humans. And as a result, animals also live in a different world from ours.

Since the senses and thought processes of animals are different from ours, we cannot say that their sense organs and brain produce products similar to those provided by our sense organs and brain.

The intelligence and personal qualities of animals are not a "reduced model" of humans. We cannot know how the mental activity of animals takes place. And if we, seeing that the dog jerks its paws and whines in a dream, we believe that they are dreaming, we have no way to prove that we are right. Maybe the brain cells just continue to send signals to the muscles, and the dog does not have any dreams at this moment. Animals with a brain structure similar to ours may have thoughts and images similar to ours, but they are, of course, much more primitive.

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ICL5102 - Efficient half-bridge AC-DC converter controller with PFC 27.08.2018

Infineon's ICL5102 is a new combined power supply controller that controls two stages at once: a power factor corrector (PFC) stage and a resonant half-bridge LLC converter stage (optionally LCC).

The high level of integration of this solution ensures a low number of components and is well suited for compact and low profile power supplies. The configuration of the parameters of the ICL5102 chip is made by selecting the resistor values. With a starting current of about 100 μA, the controller allows you to start the power supply in no more than 300 ms.

The PFC stage is implemented on the basis of a digital core and operates in the choke current limit (CrM) mode or switches to discontinuous current mode (DCM) at light load. This stage operates in the frequency range from 22 to 500 kHz and allows you to achieve a power factor of more than 95% and an input current harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 10%.

The half-bridge stage contains a built-in low and high side driver for controlling an external transistor with a maximum voltage of up to 650 V. This microcircuit implements an adaptive dead time adjustment algorithm in the range of 500-1000 ns.

The ICL5102 controller implements an algorithm for exiting the capacitive operation mode of the LLC converter. The capacitive mode can occur either with a short circuit in the load, or with a sharp increase in load (surge) or when starting the converter. The controller attempts to smoothly bring the converter out of capacitive mode by increasing the conversion frequency. If this does not help, then the controller is restarted.

Technical advantages:

Range of effective values of input voltages 85...305 V;
The operating frequency range of the PFC cascade is 22...500 kHz;
Built-in isolated coreless transformer technology high-side driver of the output stage;
High converter efficiency up to 95% is possible (both stages - KKM + LLC);
External NTC resistor for overheating protection;
Short soft start time up to 300 ms;
Algorithm of regulation in the capacitive mode of the LLC-cascade;
Run at 1,3 MHz;
Stable operation under light load;
Housing DSO-16;
Operating temperature range -40...125°C.

Typical applications:

Industrial power supplies;
Power supplies for consumer electronics;
LED drivers.

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