How did arithmetic come about? Detailed answer

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How did arithmetic come about? Detailed answer

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How did arithmetic come about?

Arithmetic can be called the science of numbers. The word itself comes from the Greek "arithmos", which means "numbers". At first, people counted their sheep and cows with their fingers. Then a person began to count with the help of notches on sticks, and the next step was the invention of a calculus system, when each number could be written using signs or symbols. The ancient Greeks adapted the letters of the alphabet for these purposes, and the Romans went further, omitting all the extra letters and using only seven letters of the alphabet to write numbers. This system was used for writing, but the abacus (abacus) was used for counting.

The Arabs developed numbers based on the Indian system, which we use to this day. They used zero to denote digits, which greatly simplified the counting system. Zero among the Arabs was called "sifr", from where the word "figure" came from. The first textbook of arithmetic, which recommended the use of the Arabic counting system, was written by an unknown Italian scholar in 1202.

The first printed arithmetic textbook was written in Latin and published in Italy in 1478. Other textbooks were printed between 1484 and 1496. They dealt with addition, subtraction and multiplication. In some Latin schools, arithmetic was taught only in the fifth and sixth years of study, allocating only one tea a week for this.

It must be remembered that these ancient works on arithmetic contained most of the modern methods, and we must remember with gratitude their authors and those Indian scholars who inspired them to this work. Needless to say, it is necessary to know perfectly the basics of addition, multiplication, subtraction and division in order to understand the basic principles of arithmetic.

Author: Likum A.

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