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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
What is tuberculosis? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What is tuberculosis? Tuberculosis is a disease caused by infection with a microbe known as "mycobacterium tuberculosis" (an obsolete name is Koch's bacillus). This infection is common throughout the world, but is more common in places where people live in cramped, unsanitary conditions and poor nutrition. Fortunately, humans are resistant to this infection. Less than 10% of people die from infection with mycobacteria. X-rays of the lungs, pasteurization of milk (germs can be transmitted from sick animals through milk), isolation of patients and their intensive treatment have helped to bring tuberculosis under control in many countries. There are three types of tuberculosis bacteria: human, animal and avian. A person can become infected from two types of bacteria: from human and animal. Microbes most often enter the body through the respiratory system, affecting the lungs. The initial stage of the disease is called the "primary lesion". It is caused by damage to the lining of the lung tissue. In the next stage of the disease, germs usually enter the chest area. In most cases, the affected area is cured, however, uneven scars form on the surface. However, some microbes remain without causing further harm. Sometimes with the age of the patient, tuberculosis infection appears in the body again. It can be either a new infection or an old one that has become more active. Germs can spread inside the lungs. Tuberculosis microbes can get into the blood, and with it to other organs. Thus, the kidneys and joints, lymph nodes are affected. Tuberculosis, which has spread throughout the body, is a serious disease that exhausts and weakens the body. More precisely, this disease could be characterized as the withering of the body, since it dries up, "eats" the body. The patient has a high temperature, excessive sweating, poor appetite, the person becomes thin and weak. To exclude accidental infection with a tuberculosis bacterium, regular examinations by a doctor should be carried out. Author: Likum A.
Can people make diamonds? The answer to this question is: "Yes, but..." A person can make artificial diamonds, but do not expect that we will have them in bulk in the near future. When you understand what it was like for mother nature to make diamonds, you will agree that this is far from an easy job. The formation of natural diamonds began about a hundred million years ago, when the Earth was just beginning to cool. In those days, under the earth's crust were red-hot masses of liquid rocks. These masses were subjected to such temperatures and such pressure that the crystal lattice in the substance known to us as coal changed. This is how a diamond is obtained - the hardest substance known to man - by changing the crystal lattice of coal. Since diamonds are of great value to humans, naturally, attempts were made to produce them artificially, that is, to make synthetic diamonds. The honor of the discoverers in this area was considered to belong to three different people who worked on the problem relatively recently. The Englishman D. B. Hannay was the first to succeed in 1880, the second was Henri Moissan in France (1893), the third was Sir William Crookes, also in England (1906). Moissan's method was as follows: coal was dissolved in molten iron in an electric furnace. The molten iron was then immersed in a saline solution. The cooling and contraction of the upper layer created the strongest pressure on the molten material inside. And at the same time, it was believed that diamonds should be obtained. But when the experiments of these people were repeated, no diamonds were obtained. Therefore, it is now believed that the first synthetic diamond was obtained in 1954 on a special press in which coal was subjected to a temperature of 2800 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 56 kilograms per square centimeter. The first of the resulting diamonds were yellow, and the largest were a little more than one and a half millimeters in length. Synthetic diamonds are usually imperfectly shaped and are currently used more for cutting tools than as jewelry. But someday a person may be able to make a truly perfect diamond!
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