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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
FOUR AGES OF SYSTEMS
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
Each new technical system passes an exam. The exam is administered by a very strict “commission” - life, practice. The “commission” meticulously asks: “What is this? Ah, the engine! Let’s see how it works in this system... Well, it’s satisfactory, we’ll give it a three. What is this? Transmission from the engine to the working element? Excellent transmission, let’s write it down "A" The rule of the “commission” is this: only those systems that do not have twos pass. Whether there are A's and B's, whether there are many points scored - none of this matters. It is only necessary that the subsystems be able to work collectively, even if only in groups of three. Oddly enough, almost all modern technical systems were initially C grades. The first steamship had a very weak and incredibly power-hungry steam engine; the transmission from the engine to the wheel flanges consumed a significant part of the energy, and the wheels themselves did not work well. But even in this form, the system showed great promise, because the combination was successful, all parts worked, albeit clumsily, but together. A technical system - like an ensemble of musicians, like a sports team - is good only when all parts play in harmony, harmoniously, playing along with each other. Therefore, the efforts of inventors are first aimed at finding a “system formula” - a successful combination of parts. This is the first stage in the life of the system. There are four stages in total, and each stage has its own tasks and its own methods of solving problems. Consider these stages in the history of the aircraft. About a hundred years ago, at the first stage, inventors were concerned with the question: what is an aircraft? What parts should it consist of? Wings plus an engine or wings without engines (glider)? Which wings are stationary or flapping? What kind of engine - muscular, steam, electric or internal combustion?.. Finally, the “airplane formula” was found: fixed wings plus an internal combustion engine. The second stage of system development has begun - “correction of triples”. Inventors improved individual parts, looked for the best shape and their most advantageous location, selected the best materials, sizes, etc. How many wings should there be - a triplane, biplane, sesquiplane or monoplane? Where should the handlebars be placed - front or rear? Where to place the motors? Which screws should I use - pulling or pushing? How many wheels should the landing gear have?.. At the end of the second stage, the plane acquired a familiar look to us. And then he began to lose it, because the third stage is the dynamization of the system: parts that were rigidly connected to each other began to be connected flexibly and movably. They invented retractable landing gear and wings that changed their shape and area. The plane now has a movable nose (remember the Tu-144). Testers lifted vertical take-off machines with rotary motors into the air. "Slit" aircraft were patented: the body is divided into parts, each of which can be quickly unloaded and loaded... The fourth stage - the transition to self-developing systems - has not yet arrived, but it can be judged by rocket and spacecraft that can be rebuilt during operation: discarding spent stages, opening wings with solar panels in orbit, separating the descent module... Of course, this Only the first steps in creating systems that can develop on the fly, in the process of work. Perfect self-developing ships that change depending on external conditions currently exist only in science fiction novels. So let's remember the four steps: 1. selection of parts for the formation of the system; 2. improvement of these parts; 3. dynamization; 4. transition to self-developing systems. You have the right to ask: what does knowledge of these four stages give us? Let's look at a specific example. A long time ago, dispensers were invented for small objects - steel balls and rollers, nails, screws, etc. The dispensers are designed simply: a funnel and a tube with two shutters. Balls are poured into the funnel. The upper valve is opened, the balls pass into the tube - until the lower valve is closed. Then close the top flap and open the bottom one. Portions of balls are poured from the dispenser. The volume of the portion is equal to the volume of the tube between the valves.
A simple system, but still a system. It was improved in 1967. Three inventors received an author's certificate for a dispenser in which mechanical dampers were replaced with electromagnetic ones. Turn off the top magnet - the balls will go down the tube to the bottom magnet that is turned on. Turn on the top magnet and turn off the bottom one: a portion of balls will fall out of the dispenser. And now the task: make an invention that improves this dispenser. Without knowing the laws of development of technical systems, you can get confused: after all, the problem doesn’t even say that the magnetic dispenser is bad. But you can easily cope with the task. The given system is at the second stage of development. The next invention should transfer the system to the third stage and give it dynamism. The magnets are positioned motionless relative to each other. Let's make them moveable. Now, by changing the distance between the magnets, you can change the dose value by measuring it with the device. The dispenser has a new and useful quality! The dispenser with moving magnets (inventor's certificate No. 312 810) was invented five years after the appearance of the magnetic dispenser. But it could have been created literally a minute after the magnetic dispenser was invented. Five lost years... Maybe not such a big waste of time. But there are thousands and thousands of similar cases! By the way, "make the system more dynamic" is another (eighth) technique. Problem 20. A CATAMARAN IS NOT A CATAMARAN A new river boat-catamaran was launched at the shipyard. “Beautiful ship,” said the old master. “Beautiful,” agreed the engineer standing next to him. - And most importantly, stable. After all, he will walk along mixed routes: part of the way by sea, part by river. It’s calm on the river, but in the sea... And then an inventor appeared. “The ship is good, no doubt about it,” he said. - But still, one more improvement is needed: we need a ship that is a catamaran and not a catamaran... What do you think the inventor was talking about? When solving this problem, remember that the “river catamaran” system is part of the “river transport” supersystem. This means that the catamaran must take into account the “interests” of the supersystem and its constituent systems. And now for a special task. It differs from other problems in that by solving it, you can not only come up with the idea of an already made invention, but also get something completely new. In other words, this is no longer a training task, but a real inventive task. Don't rush to answer! Think, find an interesting solution, try to develop it. Problem 21. THE LAW IS THE LAW One day, the director of a toy factory invited his engineers to a meeting and asked: - Can you invent a roly-poly? The engineers replied that the roly-poly and roly-poly had been invented long ago. What new thing can you come up with here? The structure of the toy is very simple: the body of the figure has a round base, and inside the body, in its lower part, there is a weight (Fig. 1). If you put the stand-up van on its side, it will rise and sway from side to side for a long time. “Extremely simple,” said the youngest engineer. There is no subtraction or addition here. But the inventor Zaitsev still came up with a new roly-poly, the director objected. - Here, admire: Vanka-Vstanka according to the author’s certificate M 645 661. The engineers bent over the toy. Outwardly, she was no different from ordinary. The trick was that the weight moved freely along the rod (Fig. 2). The toy could swing “upside down”, it could be put “to sleep”. The law of increasing dynamism, the chief engineer said thoughtfully. - The parts of the machine are first connected to each other rigidly and motionlessly. And then inventors come up with movable, flexible connections. The toy is a car, albeit a very simple one. Consequently, the development of a toy is subject to general laws. You'll see, someone will think of dividing the weight in the vanka-stand into parts, making these parts movable... “You already guessed,” said the director. - Vanka-Vstanka of the inventor Litvinenko (author’s certificate No. 676 290). He put another toy on the table and shook it. Roly-Vstanka swayed unusually: the oscillation frequency changed all the time. “That’s right,” the chief engineer grinned, opening the body of the toy. - The load is crushed, the particles are made mobile - like in an hourglass (Fig. 3). The sand is poured, due to this the vibration frequency changes. - And all this in another factory! - exclaimed the director. - Can't we think of anything? You say there is a law of increasing dynamism. Fine! Use this law. Come up with a vanka that would be even more dynamic.
And then an inventor appeared. “The law is the law,” he said. - The toy can be made more dynamic. I suggest... What do you suggest?
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