Countries, peoples, languages - States of Oceania. Crosswordist's Handbook

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Countries, peoples, languages / Countries of the world / States of Oceania

(5)

NAURU

PALAU

TONGA

FIJI

(6)

TUVALU

(7)

VANUATU

(8)

KIRIBATI

(9)

AUSTRALIA

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Obesity and diabetes 03.04.2016

The death of fat cells when overweight stimulates an immune inflammatory response, which in turn can lead to diabetes.

Being overweight is very often accompanied by type XNUMX diabetes, when our cells stop taking insulin, despite the fact that the pancreas continues to synthesize it properly. Due to insulin resistance, body tissues stop absorbing glucose from the blood, and a person has a lot of problems with metabolism.

But how are overweight and diabetes related? It is believed that through the immune system, or rather, through the inflammatory response: obesity provokes inflammation, and this leads to problems with metabolism. But then another question arises: how exactly does all this happen? what molecular signals and processes are involved here?

It is known that with excess weight, many fat cells die and are destroyed (and they are replaced by new ones, in even greater numbers). Then it turns out that there should be a lot of cellular DNA in the blood. Indeed, researchers from the University of Tokushima and the University of Tokyo have found that obese mice accumulate a lot of free DNA, and this accumulation occurs simultaneously with an increase in blood glucose levels (which is a sign of diabetes). Moreover, DNA from dead cells often ended up not just anywhere, but in macrophage immune cells wandering through adipose tissue.

What could be the danger of such DNA? As we know, the immune system recognizes traces of infection. Infection, whether it be bacteria, viruses or other pathogens, destroys and destroys our cells. In other words, free DNA serves as a signal to the immune system that there is an emergency somewhere. The experiments of Masataka Sata and his colleagues showed that in the adipose tissue of mice kept on a fatty diet, the synthesis of the TLR9 receptor is enhanced, which just catches exogenous (that is, free, extracellular) DNA; and especially a lot of TLR9 was in immune macrophages.

The more such DNA was, the more receptor protein appeared: in experiments with cell culture of macrophages, it was seen how the level of TLR9 increases along with an increase in the level of DNA. In response to a pathogenic threat, these cells trigger an inflammatory response (which, generally speaking, serves as a powerful weapon against bacteria, etc.). In response, macrophages, stimulated by external DNA, tended to inflammation - that is, the death of adipocytes (fat cells) can indeed provoke an inflammatory reaction with all the ensuing consequences.

If TLR9 receptors were somehow turned off in obese mice, then the intensity of inflammatory signals in them fell, and, most importantly, tissue sensitivity to insulin was restored - that is, diabetic symptoms softened. If, however, such animals were then injected with stem cells, from which normal macrophages with working TLR9 were obtained, then everything became as usual - inflammation and insulin resistance returned.

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