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Cows are divided into optimists and pessimists

12.02.2018

Canadian zoologists have come to the conclusion that among cows, as well as among people, there are both optimists and pessimists. According to scientists, the fact of knowing about the individual characteristics of animals is important in order to provide them with the best possible care.

Some animals, the authors of the study note, behave differently from each other in different stressful situations. Scientists believe that in this case, the characteristic individual characteristics of each are taken into account. Experiments show that among pigs and dogs (as well as the aforementioned cows) one can meet pessimists and optimists. The former, as a rule, express constant distrust for any reason, while the latter, on the contrary, are as inquisitive as possible.

The authors of the new work decided to establish how the corresponding patterns manifest themselves in cows, if they really exist, then with what character traits they should be associated.
In order to find optimists and pessimists among cows, scientists conducted an experiment involving 22 calves. Initially, each animal was placed in a special corral, in the wall of which there were five windows located on the same line. In the left hole there was a bottle of milk, and in the right hole there was an empty container and a device that sharply released air and scared away the calves.

All animals behaved differently, but their behavior remained unchanged for three weeks from the start of the experiment, which prompted scientists to think that pessimism is a strictly individual trait, and not the result of temporary moods or emotions.

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Methyl found in space 07.07.2023

Although the existence of active methyl cations in protoplanetary disks was suggested 40 years ago, it is only now that this important compound has been discovered and confirmed.

In 1977, a hypothesis was formulated that the monovalent methane radical, namely the methyl cation (CH3+), plays a decisive role in initiating chemical processes in the interstellar medium. However, detecting this molecular formation outside our solar system has proved extremely difficult.

Perhaps this is due to the high activity of methyl: its average lifetime in the free form is usually less than a thousandth of a second. As a result, it is unlikely to find a large number of such cations in one place and at one time, so that they can be detected using terrestrial telescopes.

However, thanks to an international team of astronomers, traces of methyl have been found in the protoplanetary disk d203-506, located in the Orion Nebula, using data from the James Webb Space Telescope and spectroscopic analysis. Star formation processes are actively taking place in this region, and d203-506 is the embryo of a relatively small star system: the mass of its star is approximately five times less than the mass of the Sun, and the mass of the protoplanetary disk is ten times the mass of Jupiter.

Where does this active cation come from in the protoplanetary disk? The researchers suggested that the reason lies in the strong ultraviolet radiation of Orion's Trapezoid, a compact cluster of stars located nearby. Under the influence of such radiation, hydrogen molecules (also found in the d203-506 composition) go into excited vibrational states, which makes them very active and facilitates their interaction with carbon, resulting in the formation of free methyl.

However, as the scientists note in an article published in the journal Nature, there are still several questions related to the excitation, chemical properties and spectroscopy of this molecule. Additional research is needed to definitively understand the role of CH3+ in the organic chemistry of the cosmos. This is important for elucidating the mechanisms of formation of more complex compounds in young stellar systems.

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