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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Microcircuits for identification systems. Reference data
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Reference materials These semiconductor devices are intended for use in plastic smart cards of identification equipment in ATMs, access control devices, payment for travel and goods in stores, in systems for accounting and circulation of equipment, vehicles, process control, etc. The set of chips for creating identification systems includes:
KB5004HKZ - non-contact crypto-protected passive transponder-identifier (with 8 Kbit EEPROM), reading information from which and power supply occur via a built-in radio channel at a frequency of 13,56 MHz. Below is more detailed information about the last three of them. KB5004HK1 A passive transponder-identifier based on a one-time electrically programmable read-only memory device in the general case is a structure protected from climatic and mechanical influences that combines a microcircuit chip with an antenna and is equipped with means of attachment to an identified object. Depending on the requirements of a particular system and the nature of the object, this can be a plastic pass card through the turnstile, a keychain or token, a bracelet, an implantable capsule, a collar, etc. The microcircuit is made in the form of a crystal using CMOS technology. It is supplied only as part of the identifiers KIBM-002, BIB-002, BIZH-002, BIT-002 and BIM-002. The microcircuit consists (see the structural diagram in Fig. 1) of a memory device, a programming unit (the process of programming codes agreed with the consumer is performed by the microcircuit manufacturer), a clock generator, an address counter, a control unit, a modulator, a rectifier and an antenna (an oscillating LC circuit with L1=2 μH, C1=75 pF).
An external electromagnetic field induces an RF voltage in the antenna, which, after rectification, feeds the remaining components of the microcircuit. An additional power supply is not required. The control node perceives this voltage as a trigger signal. At the command of the control unit, the storage device generates a message programmed in it, which, after being encoded by a modulator-encoder, enters the antenna as a response signal. The reading range reaches 15 cm or more. The programming of the storage device - the introduction of an individual code - is carried out by burning fusible jumpers using an external programmer and nodes built into the microcircuit. In this mode, it needs power supplied by the programmer. A microcircuit with an antenna tuned to the operating frequency of the radio channel is placed on an identified object. In the standby - waiting - mode, the identifier is de-energized. An identifier in standby mode is accessed using a special reader - a reader - containing its own set of electronic components and a radio channel tuned to the same frequency. For identification, the transponder and the reader are brought closer, the transponder antenna picks up the unmodulated radio emission of the reader and generates response code radio signals that the reader antenna perceives. The reader's electronic unit analyzes the received code and generates a "friend or foe" recognition signal. The distance at which a reliable reading is guaranteed depends on local conditions, the characteristics of the transponder and reader, and the accuracy of the radio channel tuning. The operating temperature range of the transponder-identifier is from -40... to +70 °С. Guaranteed shelf life - 10 years. KB5004HK2 Since the KB5004XK2 microcircuit (foreign analogue - AN55001) is similar in structure (Fig. 2) and application to the KL5004XK1 in many respects, the main attention will be paid to their differences. So, the KB5004XK2 microcircuit is capable of operating in the frequency range of 50 ... 10 kHz with a modulation depth (amplitude) during transmission of 000. The antenna can be an oscillating LC circuit or a coil.
There is no clock generator in the microcircuit. The operation of its nodes is clocked by the carrier frequency of the reader's radiation. The conversion of the information received from the storage device is performed by the built-in Manchester code encoder. It is possible to use any codes, protected or unprotected from errors and unauthorized access, any encryption methods, any digital and symbolic alphabets, including your own. The available amount of memory with an unprotected version on one carrier frequency of the radio channel allows you to get more than 18 million combinations with confidentiality of their interpretation. The guaranteed reading range with the PR-A03 reader is 8 cm. The KT5004XK2 microcircuit is made in the form of a CMOS chip with two antenna leads available to the consumer. It serves as the basis for the responders-identifiers KIBI-001, BIB-001, BIZH-001 and BIT-001. Operating ambient temperature - from -50 to +50 °С (limit - from -60 to +85 °С). KB5004HKZ Chip KB5004HKZ (foreign analogue - AN5505) - crypto-protected passive responder-identifier. Its principle of operation is the same as that of the previous ones, but unlike them, it contains an electrically reprogrammable ROM with a capacity of 16x512 bits with individual access rights to each of the sixteen sectors. The ROM allows at least 100 programming cycles. In terms of structural construction, the KB000XKZ microcircuit (see the diagram in Fig. 5004) differs little from KB3XK5004 and KB1XK5004.
The exchange of information between the reader and the transponder is organized in accordance with the standard for contactless cards ISO 1443-2 type A. The reader antenna emits amplitude-modulated oscillations with a modulation depth of 100%. When the amplitude of the field strength emitted by the reader antenna decreases to 5% of the initial value for a time equal to 2,34 µs, a pause is formed. A modified Miller code was used to represent the information. Information from the reader to the card comes in the form of commands, which are a sequence of digits transmitted starting from the least significant one. Each transmitted byte is accompanied by a check digit, by which the responder determines the correctness of the received command. If the codes do not match, the responder generates an error message. There is no separate clock generator in the transponder. The timing signal is formed from the carrier frequency voltage received by the antenna from the reader. To transmit the response information to the reader, the so-called load modulation at the carrier frequency of 847 kHz (fwork/16) was used. In addition, the information transmitted by the transponder is accompanied by parity check bits and the same cyclic code. Individual access to a particular memory sector is possible only after a correctly executed authentication command using one of the keys of this sector (A and B), which are recorded when personalizing the defendant's card. Each sector consists of four blocks (0, 1, 2 and 3) of 128 bits each. Commands for reading, writing and working with the counter are perceived by one block. The third - service - sector block contains authentication keys A and B and access control bits to other blocks of the sector. The zero block of the zero sector - the manufacturer's block - works only for reading; it contains the unique serial number of each chip and additional information about its manufacturer. For the convenience of organizing actions related to payments, a 32-bit register is provided in the microcircuit, which is loaded by the contents of a specially configured block by the load command. As soon as the transponder enters the electromagnetic field of the reader, it enters the mode of waiting for the "Request" command of the transponder ("Reguest"). All other commands are ignored. If there are several transponders in the electromagnetic field of the reader, it becomes necessary to select only one of them for activation. The rest will go into standby mode. For this, the contents of the zero block, protected from modification, are used. To determine which transponder to start a session with, the "Antf collision" command is sent, followed by the "Select" command. All further commands will be accepted only by the selected responder. The responder's memory sectors are cryptographically protected. Read, write, and register commands will be executed by the responder only after the "Authentication" command has been processed. Then the block address is indicated, with which the main commands will work - "Read" ("Read Block") and "Write" ("Write Block"). To work with the counter-register, the commands "Load" ("Restore"), which loads the register with the contents of the block, "Increment content" ("Increment") and "Decrease content" ("Decrement"), which change the content of the register by the value specified in commands. The contents can be saved with the "Transfer" command both in the block from which the initial value was read, and in any other block of the sector. To stop working with the transponder, the reader sends a "Stop" command ("Halt"), after which the transponder switches to the passive state. The transponder reading range is 100 mm or more. The speed of information exchange between the reader and the defendant is up to 106 kbaud. Guaranteed period of information storage in the defendant's memory is 10 years. Author: A.Nefedov, Moscow
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