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Section 2. Electrical equipment and electrical installations for general purposes

Chapter 2.2. Distribution stations and substations

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE)

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2.2.1. This chapter applies to switchgear and substations of Consumers with a voltage of 0,4 to 220 kV.

2.2.2. The room of the consumer's switchgear, adjacent to the premises belonging to third-party organizations, and having energized equipment, must be isolated from them. It must have a separate lockable exit.

The switchgear equipment serviced by the Consumers and used by the power supply organization must be controlled on the basis of the instructions agreed by the Consumer and the power supply organization.

2.2.3. In switchgear rooms, doors and windows must always be closed, and openings in partitions between devices containing oil must be sealed. All openings in the places where the cable passes are sealed. To prevent the entry of animals and birds, all openings and openings in the outer walls of the premises are closed or covered with nets with a mesh size (1 ´ 1), see Fig.

2.2.4. Current-carrying parts of ballasts and protection devices must be protected from accidental contact. In special rooms (electrical machines, switchboards, control stations, etc.), open installation of devices without protective covers is allowed.

All switchgear (shields, assemblies, etc.) installed outside the electrical premises must have locking devices that prevent non-electrotechnical personnel from accessing them.

2.2.5. The electrical equipment of the switchgear of all types and voltages must satisfy the operating conditions both under normal conditions and during short circuits, overvoltages and overloads.

The insulation class of electrical equipment must correspond to the rated voltage of the network, and surge protection devices - to the insulation level of electrical equipment.

2.2.6. When electrical equipment is located in an area with a polluted atmosphere, measures must be taken to ensure the reliability of insulation:

2.2.7. Heating by induced current of structures located near current-carrying parts through which current flows and accessible to personnel should not exceed 50 °C.

2.2.8. The air temperature inside the indoor switchgear in summer should be no more than 40 °C. If it rises, measures must be taken to reduce the temperature of the equipment or cool the air.

The air temperature in the compressor station room must be maintained within (10 ¸ 35) °С; in the room of gas complete switchgear (hereinafter referred to as KRUE) - within (1 ¸ 40) °С.

The temperature of the busbar connectors in the switchgear should be controlled according to the approved schedule.

2.2.9. The distances from the current-carrying parts of the outdoor switchgear to trees, tall shrubs should be such that the possibility of overlapping is excluded.

2.2.10. The floor covering in ZRU, KRU and KRUN should be such that there is no formation of cement dust.

The premises intended for the installation of cells of a complete switchgear with SFXNUMX insulation (hereinafter referred to as GIS), as well as for their revision before installation and repair, must be isolated from the street and other premises. Walls, floors and ceilings must be painted with dustproof paint.

Cleaning of premises should be carried out by wet or vacuum method. The premises must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation with air suction from below. Air supply ventilation must pass through filters that prevent dust from entering the room.

2.2.11. Cable ducts and ground cable trays of switchgear and switchgear must be covered with fireproof plates, and the exit points of cables from cable ducts, trays, floors and transitions between cable compartments must be sealed with refractory material.

Tunnels, basements, channels must be kept clean, and drainage devices must ensure unimpeded drainage of water.

Oil receivers, gravel bedding, drains and oil outlets must be maintained in good condition.

2.2.12. The oil level in oil switches, instrument transformers and bushings must remain within the oil gauge scale at maximum and minimum ambient temperatures.

The oil of leaky bushings must be protected from moisture and oxidation.

2.2.13. Roads for vehicle access to switchgear and substations must be in good condition.

Places where vehicles are allowed to cross cable channels must be marked with a sign.

2.2.14. All keys, buttons and control knobs must have inscriptions indicating the operation for which they are intended ("Enable", "Disable", "Decrease", "Add", etc.).

On signal lamps and signal devices there should be inscriptions indicating the nature of the signal ("Enabled", "Disabled", "Overheating", etc.).

2.2.15. Switches and their drives must have indicators of the off and on positions.

On circuit breakers with a built-in drive or with a drive located in the immediate vicinity of the circuit breaker and not separated from it by a solid opaque fence (wall), it is allowed to install one indicator - on the circuit breaker or on the drive. On circuit-breakers whose external contacts clearly indicate the closed position, it is not necessary to have an indicator on the circuit-breaker and the drive built-in or not enclosed by a wall.

The drives of disconnectors, grounding knives, separators, short circuits and other equipment separated from the devices by a wall must have indicators of the off and on positions.

All drives of disconnectors, separators, short-circuiters, grounding knives that do not have guards must have devices for locking them both in the on and off position.

Switchgear equipped with switches with spring drives must be equipped with devices for winding the spring mechanism.

2.2.16. The personnel servicing the reactor plant must have documentation on the permissible modes of operation in normal and emergency conditions.

Personnel on duty must have a stock of calibrated fuse links. The use of uncalibrated fuse links is not allowed. Fuses must match the type of fuses.

The serviceability of the reserve elements of the switchgear (transformers, switches, tires, etc.) must be regularly checked by turning on the voltage within the time limits established by local instructions.

2.2.17. The switchgear equipment must be periodically cleaned of dust and dirt.

The cleaning period is set by the person responsible for electrical facilities, taking into account local conditions.

Cleaning of switchgear premises and electrical equipment must be carried out by trained personnel in compliance with safety rules.

2.2.18. Switchgear interlocks, other than mechanical ones, must be permanently sealed. Switchover personnel are not allowed to unlock these devices without authorization.

2.2.19. To apply grounding in a switchgear with a voltage above 1000 V, as a rule, stationary grounding knives should be used.

The handles of the earthing knife drives should be painted red, and the earthing knife drives, as a rule, should be painted black. Operations with manual drives of devices must be carried out in compliance with safety rules.

In the absence of stationary grounding knives, the places of connection of portable grounding to current-carrying parts and the grounding device must be prepared and marked.

2.2.20. On the doors and inner walls of the switchgear chambers, outdoor switchgear equipment, the front and inner parts of outdoor and indoor switchgear, assemblies, as well as on the front and back sides of the switchboard panels, there must be inscriptions indicating the purpose of the connections and their dispatcher name.

There must be warning posters and signs of the established form on the doors of the switchgear.

The safety shields and (or) the fuses of the connections must have inscriptions indicating the rated current of the fuse-link.

2.2.21. The switchgear should contain electrical protective equipment and personal protective equipment (in accordance with the standards for completing protective equipment), protective fire fighting and auxiliary equipment (sand, fire extinguishers) and first aid equipment for victims of accidents.

For reactor facilities serviced by operational mobile teams (hereinafter referred to as the OVB), protective equipment may be located at the OVB.

2.2.22. Cabinets with equipment for relay protection and automation, communications and telemechanics, control cabinets and distribution cabinets for air circuit breakers, as well as cabinets for drives of oil circuit breakers, separators, short circuits and motor drives of disconnectors installed in the switchgear, in which the air temperature may be below the permissible value, must have heating devices.

Switching on and off of electric heaters should, as a rule, be carried out automatically. The system for automatic switching on and off of electric heaters should also provide for constant monitoring of their integrity with the transfer of information to the local control panel and (or) dispatcher console.

Oil circuit breakers must be equipped with devices for electric heating of the bottoms of tanks and casings, which are switched on when the ambient temperature drops below the permissible level. The temperatures at which the commissioning and decommissioning of electric heaters must be carried out are set by local regulations, taking into account the instructions of the electrical equipment manufacturers.

2.2.23. Reservoirs of air circuit breakers and other devices, as well as air collectors and cylinders must meet the established requirements.

2.2.24. Swivel joints, bearings and rubbing surfaces of mechanisms of switches, disconnectors, separators, short circuiters and their drives must be lubricated with low-freezing lubricants, and oil dampers of switches and other devices must be filled with oil, the freezing point of which must be at least 20 ° C below the minimum winter temperature outside air.

2.2.25. Automatic control, protection and alarm devices of the air handling unit, as well as safety valves, must be systematically checked and adjusted according to the requirements of the manufacturer's instructions.

2.2.26. The time between stop and subsequent start of working compressors (non-working pause) must be at least 60 minutes. for compressors with an operating pressure of 4,0 ¸ 4,5 MPa (40 ¸ 45 kgf / cm2) and at least 90 min. for compressors with a working pressure of 23 MPa (230 kgf/cm2).

Replenishment of air flow by working compressors should be provided no more than 30 minutes. for compressors with operating pressure (4,0 ¸ 4,5) MPa (40 ¸ 45) kgf/cm2 and 90 min. for compressors with a working pressure of 23 MPa (230 kgf/cm2).

2.2.27. Drying of compressed air for switching devices must be carried out in a thermodynamic way.

The required degree of drying of compressed air is ensured when the ratio of the difference between the rated compressor and rated working pressure of the switching devices is at least two - for devices with a rated working pressure of 2 MPa (20 kgf / cm2) and at least four - for devices with a rated working pressure (2,6 ¸ 4,0) MPa (26 ¸ 40 kgf/cm2).

In order to reduce moisture content, it is recommended to additionally use adsorption methods for drying compressed air.

2.2.28. Moisture from air collectors with compressor pressure (4,0 ¸ 4,5) MPa (40 ¸ 45) kgf / cm2 must be removed at least 1 time in 3 days, and at facilities without permanent duty personnel - according to an approved schedule drawn up on the basis of operating experience.

The bottoms of the air collectors and the drain valve must be insulated and equipped with an electric heating device, which is turned on when moisture is removed for the time required to melt ice at negative outside temperatures.

Removal of moisture from the condensate collectors of groups of cylinders with a pressure of 23 MPa (230 kgf / cm2) should be carried out automatically every time the compressor is started. To prevent freezing of moisture, the lower parts of the cylinders and condensate collectors must be placed in a heat-insulating chamber with an electric heater, with the exception of cylinders installed after compressed air purification units (hereinafter referred to as CAU). BOW water separator should be purged at least 3 times a day.

Checking the degree of drying - the dew point of the air at the outlet of the CWW should be done once a day. The dew point should not be higher than minus 1 °С at a positive ambient temperature and not higher than minus 50 °С - at a negative one.

2.2.29. Internal inspection and hydraulic testing of air receivers and compressor pressure cylinders must be carried out in accordance with established requirements. An internal inspection of the reservoirs of air circuit breakers and other devices should be carried out during major repairs.

Hydraulic tests of air circuit breaker tanks should be carried out in cases where, during inspection, defects are found that cast doubt on the strength of the tanks.

The internal surfaces of the tanks must have an anti-corrosion coating.

2.2.30. Compressed air used in air circuit breakers and drives of other switching devices must be cleaned from mechanical impurities using filters installed in the distribution cabinets of each air circuit breaker or on the air duct supplying the drive of each device.

After the installation of the air supply network is completed, all air ducts must be blown out before the initial filling of the reservoirs of air circuit breakers and drives of other devices.

To prevent contamination of compressed air during operation, purges should be carried out:

2.2.31. For air circuit breakers, the operation of the ventilation of the internal cavities of the insulators (for circuit breakers with indicators) should be checked periodically.

The frequency of inspections should be established based on the recommendations of the manufacturers.

2.2.32. The humidity of SF2 gas in switchgear, SFXNUMX circuit breakers must be monitored for the first time no later than a week after filling the equipment with SFXNUMX gas, and then XNUMX times a year (in winter and summer).

2.2.33. Control of SF10 gas concentration in switchgear and switchgear rooms should be carried out using special leak detectors at a height of 15 - XNUMX cm from the floor level.

The concentration of SFXNUMX gas in the room must be within the limits specified in the instructions of the plants - manufacturers of the apparatus.

The control must be carried out according to the schedule approved by the technical manager of the Consumer.

2.2.34. SF3 leakage must not exceed XNUMX% of the total mass per year. It is necessary to take measures to fill the tanks with SFXNUMX when its pressure deviates from the nominal one.

It is not allowed to carry out operations with circuit breakers at reduced SFXNUMX gas pressure.

2.2.35. Vacuum arc chutes (hereinafter - KDV) must be tested in the volumes and within the time limits established by the instructions of the manufacturers of circuit breakers.

When testing KDV with increased voltage with an amplitude value of more than 20 kV, it is necessary to use a screen to protect against emerging X-rays.

2.2.36. Checking the quenching chambers of load breakers, establishing the degree of wear of gas-generating arc-suppressing liners and burning of fixed arc-suppressing contacts is carried out periodically within the time limits established by those responsible for electrical facilities, depending on the frequency of operating load breakers.

2.2.37. Drainage of moisture from the tanks of oil circuit breakers must be carried out 2 times a year - in the spring with the onset of positive temperatures and in the fall before the onset of negative temperatures.

2.2.38. Preventive inspections, measurements and tests of the RP equipment should be carried out in the scope and within the time limits stipulated by the electrical equipment testing standards (Appendix 3).

2.2.39. Inspection of the switchgear without shutdown should be carried out:

In case of unfavorable weather (heavy fog, sleet, ice, etc.) or heavy pollution, additional inspections should be organized at the outdoor switchgear.

All noticed malfunctions must be recorded in the log of defects and malfunctions on the equipment and, in addition, information about them must be reported to the person responsible for the electrical economy.

Faults found must be corrected as soon as possible.

2.2.40. When examining the reactor facility, special attention should be paid to the following:

2.2.41. The overhaul of the reactor plant equipment must be carried out within the following timeframes:

The first overhaul of the installed equipment must be carried out within the time specified in the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

Indoor disconnectors should be repaired as needed.

Repair of the reactor plant equipment is also carried out as necessary, taking into account the results of preventive tests and inspections.

The frequency of repairs can be changed, based on operating experience, by the decision of the technical manager of the Consumer.

Extraordinary repairs are carried out in case of equipment failures, as well as after the exhaustion of the switching or mechanical resource.

See other articles Section Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE).

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