Power regulator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Regulators of current, voltage, power

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The device described below is intended for smooth control of the load power, which can be an incandescent lamp, an electric soldering iron, a collector electric motor. The peculiarity of the regulator is that it can control a load with a power of less than 0,5 watts. Conventional triac and trinistor phase regulators are rarely able to work correctly with a load of less than 5 ... 15 watts.

The scheme of the proposed phase power controller is shown in fig. 1. AC mains voltage 220 V is supplied to the load through a fusible link FU1, a choke L1 and a powerful high-voltage triac VS1. The opening phase of the triac depends on the position of the variable resistor R11 slider: the lower its resistance is, the earlier the triac opens in each half-cycle of the mains voltage and the more power is supplied to the load.

Rice. 1. Scheme of a phase power regulator (click to enlarge)

An analogue of a low-voltage dinistor is assembled on transistors VT3-VT5 and resistors R10, R12. When the voltage on the capacitor C2 becomes more than 9 V, a current begins to flow through the emitter junction of the transistor VT4, operating in the reversible breakdown mode, as a result of which the transistors VT3, VT5 open like an avalanche, the capacitor C2 is discharged through the current-limiting resistor R8 and the emitter junction of the transistor VT1. High-voltage transistors VT1, VT2 are connected according to the analog circuit of a low-power trinistor with a low holding current. When the capacitor C2 is discharged through open transistors VT3, VT5, transistors VT1, VT2 open like an avalanche and the current in the control electrode circuit of the triac VS1 increases sharply. As a result, it opens, and the supply voltage is supplied to the load. If its power is relatively small, then the triac will close, and the voltage will be supplied to the load through the open transistors VT1, VT2, the current-limiting resistor R4 and the rectifier bridge diodes VD5. When the R11 resistor slider is set to the minimum resistance position and the maximum power is supplied to the load, the effective voltage at the load is less than the mains voltage by 2,5 V.

Most parts of the device are placed on a mounting plate with dimensions of 36x25 mm (Fig. 2), double-sided hinged mounting. In the design, you can use fixed resistors MLT, C1-4 and others, including those for surface mounting. Resistor R4 is made up of four 1206 (surface mount) resistors connected in parallel with a resistance of 1 kΩ. Variable resistor R11 - any small-sized resistance of 330-470 kOhm with a linear dependence of resistance on the angle of rotation of the engine. Capacitor C1 - high-voltage ceramic, C2 - oxide, ceramic or small-sized film. Its capacitance is selected so that the minimum effective AC voltage supplied to the load is in the range of 30 ... 50 V. With an excess capacity of this capacitor and the maximum resistance of the resistor R11, the incandescent lamp connected to the output of the device as a load may flash.

Rice. 2. Device circuit board

Diodes 1N914 are replaceable by any of 1 N4148, 1SS244, KD521A-KD521D, KD522A, KD522B, diode bridge KTS407A - bridge Kts422G or assembled from four diodes with forward current 1 A and reverse voltage of at least 600 V (1 N4007, KD243D, KD247 383D). Instead of the L-11SGWT (flat packaged) LED, any other general purpose continuous light will do, preferably with a higher light output. The brightness of the glow of this LED changes depending on the position of the resistor RXNUMX slider, even in the absence of load.

Instead of the high-voltage transistor BF420, you can use BF393, MJE340, KF13001, MJE13001, MPSA-42,2N6517, and instead of BF421 - BF493, MJE350, 2N6520. The 2SC3199 transistors are replaceable by any of the 2SC2787, 2SC3488, 2SD1020, as well as the KT315, KT358 series, and the 2SA1048 transistor by any of the 2SA1150, 2SA1378 and the KT361, KT209 series. Possible replacement for the triac BT138-800 - MAC320A8FP MAC320A6FP MAC320A10FP, MAC228-6FP, MAC228A6FP, MAC228-8FP, MAC228A8FP, MAC212A8FP, MAC212A10FP. The triac works without a heat sink. Inductor L1 - small-sized industrial production with a winding with a resistance of not more than 0,1 ohm.

After checking the mounted board for operability, the mounting is varnished on both sides (you can use XB-784 varnish). As a basis for the design, the author used a miniature case measuring 55x28x20 mm (without protruding plug pins) from a charger for mobile multimedia devices (Fig. 3). Fusible insert FU1 is placed between the pins of the mains plug. Capacitor C1 is also installed there, on which an insulating cover is put on. The HL1 LED is glued with Kvintol glue to the inner surface of the top case cover. Variable resistor R11 is fixed on the side wall of the device case. A handle made of insulating material is put on the resistor shaft, the metal case is left unconnected. If there is enough space in the device case, you can use a variable resistor combined with a power switch.

Rice. 3. The basis of the design

By slightly changing the design, with the help of such a regulator, it is possible to control a load with a power of up to several kilowatts. To do this, the triac VS1 is installed on the heat sink, and the fuse-link and surge protector are calculated for the maximum current corresponding to the load. To reduce the electrical noise generated by the operating regulator, a more advanced mains LC filter should be used.

When assembling the regulator in another case, it should be remembered that all its elements are under dangerous voltage of the 220 V network, therefore, it is necessary to take measures to exclude the possibility of accidentally touching them.

Author: A. Butov

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