Rechargeable galvanic cells
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Chargers, batteries, galvanic cells
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For decades, batteries were essentially the only rechargeable source of electrical energy. But recently, rechargeable alkaline galvanic cells are becoming more widespread. Recharging such elements has long been practiced by radio amateurs. However, the developers, recognizing this possibility, have always emphasized that the consequences, especially when this process is repeated many times, can be unpredictable (electrolyte leakage due to leakage and even the destruction of the case). Meanwhile, at the end of the XNUMXs, some American firms began producing hermetically sealed galvanic cells with guaranteed recharging capabilities. They are a good alternative to the most common NiCd batteries in household appliances.
According to manufacturers, the number of charging cycles can reach several hundred (600 ... 700). From cycle to cycle, the capacity of such a "accumulator" noticeably decreases, but these losses will be less if the element is not brought to a very discharged state. Undesirable for these elements in terms of capacity loss from cycle to cycle and a large discharge current (more than 100 mA).
The figure shows a decrease in the relative capacitance of the charged galvanic cell Еrel (curve 1) and an increase in the total energy W, which it gave to the load (curve 2), depending on the number of charging cycles. Since the initial capacity of the cell is about twice that of inexpensive NiCd batteries (for equal sizes), they will only become equal in capacity after several dozen charge cycles. As with a conventional galvanic cell, the EMF of the charged one is about 1,5 V, and it practically does not change during its operation. By the way, one of the advantages of the new "battery" is one hundred percent readiness for work immediately after its purchase.
Rechargeable galvanic cells cost about twice as much as conventional ones, but their ability to deliver more energy clearly compensates for this. Manufacturers of such elements emphasize that they should be recharged only in "branded" devices.
In some countries, rechargeable galvanic cells have become so widespread that they are mentioned in a separate line in the instructions for using household equipment, and the power supply in this case provides two charging options - a battery or a galvanic cell. The charging current of AA elements (there is no information on the release of elements of other standard sizes) is chosen equal to 10 ... 20 mA. In order to avoid unpleasant consequences due to possible confusion "normal - rechargeable", some manufacturers of conventional galvanic cells (for example, SONY) began to indicate on their products that recharging their cells can lead to electrolyte leakage or even cell rupture.
In the literature, rechargeable galvanic cells are often referred to as "one and a half volt batteries" or RAM (reusable alkaline mangenese - reusable alkaline cells). The last name is not very successful, since RAM is denoted by a similar abbreviation in computer technology.
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