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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Problems of preservation of lead-acid batteries. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Chargers, batteries, galvanic cells The degree of gas emission activity during storage of batteries depends on the chosen methods of their storage or conservation, which, in turn, affect the performance of the batteries during their further operation. It has been established [1] that in the process of storage, especially at positive temperatures, of flooded lead-acid batteries, self-discharge of batteries and corrosion of current leads, mainly of the positive electrode, and intensive release of O2 and H2 into the atmosphere are observed. This leads to a loss of battery capacity and, consequently, to a reduction in its service life. It has also been established that the intensity of outgassing to some extent depends on the design features of current leads, and partly on the alloy from which they are made. So, from batteries with current leads made of Pb + 3,8% Sb alloy, gas is released 1,5-2 times less, and with current leads made of Pb + 0,085% Ca alloy - 8-11 times less compared to serial batteries (Pb + 6,3% Sb + 0,17% As). The author, based on observations of the long-term preservation of lead acid batteries, systematized practical recommendations that help both reduce the level of gas emission and ensure subsequent performance [2]. New batteries are: uncharged, with electrolyte, dry charged. Uncharged batteries are a rarity. When labeled, uncharged batteries have the letter "H". Such batteries are assembled into a block without subjecting the plates to molding, i.e. charge in specialized baths. They can be preserved without much harm to themselves for five or six years or more. It is obligatory in such cases to tightly screw the plugs, the tightness of the internal volume of the battery must be ensured. New batteries filled with electrolyte can be put on the car and immediately drive, but in order to continue the battery’s performance, it is recommended to carry out a control and training cycle for it: first, discharge it with a current equal to 0,1 capacity, up to a voltage of 10,4 V at an electrolyte density of 1,24 g / cm3, and then charge in the usual way. The most useful thing is to purchase a flooded battery. As a rule, it is charged according to all the rules in the factory. The electrolyte in it is clean, tested. Before leaving the factory, a reputable manufacturer passes each battery in the factory through the so-called "PITOK" chamber. For this purpose, a usable battery is short-circuited for 200 ms. In this case, the current reaches a large value - up to 800 A. But it should be noted that GOST 959-91 does not provide for such a check. However, a battery assembled with imperfections (for example, with poorly soldered jumper contacts) will not leave the factory floor after such tests. It is clear that the accumulators of many foreign companies will not withstand such tests, since these accumulators, as a rule, have thin plates (thinner than 1 mm). Thick plates (with a cross section of 1,4 mm or more) are able to withstand significant overloads: starting the engine in winter or driving the starter out of a swamp or puddle will not cause much harm to such a battery. It should be remembered that storage of a battery filled with electrolyte for more than 1 year without work is "deep old age", and two years of storage without work is "certain death". This means that with the electrolyte brought to normal, the battery can only be stored in a charged state to eliminate the harmful effects of sulfation. Sulfation of electrodes is accelerated by long-term storage without recharging. To prevent this, a prerequisite for the normal storage of acid batteries with electrolyte is their systematic recharging. This recharging is carried out once a month: for small batteries with a 10-hour current, for large batteries (Q> 30 Ah) with a current corresponding to the second stage of the charging curve, until signs of the end of the charge appear for 2 hours. For long-term storage with electrolyte, you can put batteries that give at least 90% of the rated capacity. Charged batteries with electrolyte should be stored in a cool room at a temperature not exceeding 0°C. This slows down self-discharge, outgassing and corrosion of the plates during their inactivity. The maximum shelf life of batteries with electrolyte, which do not adversely affect the capacity and service life of batteries with electrolyte, is: at a temperature not exceeding 0 ° C - up to 1,5 years, at a temperature of at least 20 ° C - up to 9 months. The minimum temperature should not exceed 30°C. Batteries stored at a temperature of 0 ° C and below can be checked no more than once a month, while it is necessary to control the density of the electrolyte and its temperature. Dry-charged batteries differ from the rest in that their plates are charged (formed) before assembly, then washed and dried with hot air at a temperature of 60 to 180 ° C at an air flow rate of 2 to 6 m / s. Dry-charged batteries can be stored in a dry closed room at t=5...30°C with tightly screwed caps for 1 year without harm, 2 years - tolerable, and more - not recommended. Attention should be paid to the peculiarities of preparing dry-charged batteries for charging after long-term storage. To do this, the batteries are filled with electrolyte, the density of which is 0,02 g / cm3 less than the operational one. Not earlier than 20 minutes and not later than 2 hours after pouring the electrolyte, it is necessary to control its density. If the density of the electrolyte decreases by no more than 0,03 g / cm3 from the density of the electrolyte being filled, then the battery can be put into operation without charging, if the density of the electrolyte decreases by more than 0,03 g / cm3, then the battery needs to be initially charged. References:
Author: M.I. Marfin
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