Geothermal energy and its use. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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In Ukraine, there are significant reserves of thermal waters in Transcarpathia, Prykarpattya, Crimea and other regions. It is already profitable to use them today not only for heat supply to consumers, but also for the production of electricity. Energy prices and the prospects for their increase make it economically viable to build geothermal power plants in these regions in the near future.

Geothermal energy is one of the promising types of energy, so Iceland, the USA, New Zealand, France, Hungary and many other countries have long and widely used it. In France, 70 geothermal installations provide heat to 800 people.

Geothermal waters are characterized by many factors, in particular, according to temperature they are divided into low-thermal (up to 40°C), high-thermal (60-100°C), overheated (over 100°C). They also differ in mineralization, acidity, gas composition, pressure, and depth.

The simplest and most economical solution is the direct use of geothermal water by consumers: there is no need to install additional heat exchangers and water is saved. But this method is suitable when the water meets the drinking standard. Hot water from the well is preliminarily collected in a reservoir, from which it is pumped to consumers. Regulate the release of heat in the heating system using heating regulators. At a temperature of 50-70°C, the area of ​​heating devices is increased. Waste water in this scheme can be discharged into the environment without treatment - it meets sanitary standards.

The figure shows a heating scheme using a geothermal source, where 1 is a source of hot water; 2 - water taps; 3 - collection tank; 4 - air vent; 5 - heating devices; 6 - additional heater; 7 - water flow regulator; 8 - supply pump; 9 - mixing pump; 10 - lift.

The most promising way to extract deep heat is to create underground circulation systems with full or partial return of waste water to productive strata. These systems prevent the depletion of geothermal water reserves, maintain hydraulic balance in the underground layers, and do not pollute the environment at the locations of geothermal facilities.

To improve energy supply in Crimea, it is planned to build geothermal power plants with a capacity of 6 MW each in the western part of the peninsula, where there is water with a temperature of 4 ° C at a depth of 250 km, the total capacity will be almost 100 MW. There are significant reserves of geothermal energy in Transcarpathia. The predicted intake of thermal waters here will be 15 million m3 per year. The depth of occurrence of thermal water reserves is from 1200 to 2000 m. Today, two wells with a depth of 800 and 970 m are used in the town of Beregovo with an outlet of mineral water with a temperature of +58°C.

In Transcarpathia there is a unique place with an area of ​​30 km2 in the area of ​​the village of Zaluzh with a temperature of up to +200°C at a depth of 4 km. Back in the 70s, the Atomteploelektroproekt Institute developed a feasibility study for a geothermal power plant with a capacity of up to 10 MW with the prospect of expanding it. The cost of 1 kW of installed power is 800-900 dollars. USA. At current energy prices, the cost of electricity generated at such a power plant will be 1,2-1,5 times lower than at a coal-fired thermal power plant of the same capacity. When using thermal "waste" for heat supply, profitability doubles. Waste thermal water is pumped back into underground horizons, which ensures the ecological cleanliness of the area.

With a deepening into the ground, the temperature of the soil in the middle latitudes at a depth of 3-5 m is 10-13°C and higher. The use of this type of geothermal energy is widely practiced in the United States and Western Europe for heating houses, industrial premises, livestock farms using heat exchangers and heat pumps. This makes it possible to save up to 50-70% of the heat required to create the optimal temperature regime in the premises. To operate this system, outside air is supplied to air ducts located at a depth of 3 m, and then to the premises. In winter, the air underground heats up and cools down in summer. Such a ventilation system was first installed in the USA in 1977 to create a microclimate in a pigsty with an area of ​​7,2x15 m. The heat exchanger consists of 12 air ducts 30 m long, deepened into the ground near the pigsty by 3 m.

Vertical air intakes rise 1,5 m above the ground. Horizontal air ducts are inclined towards the vertical chamber, where the condensate collection point is located. In winter, indoor air is heated to +25°C at an outside temperature of -28°C, and in summer it is cooled to +14°C at an outside temperature of +35°C.

In Austria, a geothermal system is operated, which consists of two vertical air intake ducts and 20 underground plastic air ducts 35 m long and 200 mm in diameter. Maximum air supply - 10000 m3/h. Throughout the year, the temperature in livestock buildings is maintained at +15-21°C. Such geothermal systems pay off in 3-5 years.

In the German city of Cochen, the project of the largest heat pump in Europe with underground probes was implemented, which provides thermal energy for 35 rooms in three houses. Cold water is pumped through probes deepened into the ground by 98 m, which is heated to the ground temperature. Heat pumps allow you to raise the water temperature up to +50°C and return useful energy 3 times more than the spent energy.

According to the forecasts of the Institute of Technical Thermal Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the daily operational capacity of seven geothermal areas of Transcarpathia is 239,4 thousand m3 of thermal waters with a temperature of +60°C, which makes it possible to obtain an energy capacity of 492,6 MW on their basis.

The efficiency indicators of geothermal installations exceed thermal and nuclear ones, and with the current tariffs for heat and electricity, such installations can be developed in the near future through self-financing. The technology of geothermal heat supply of settlements, agricultural facilities and small enterprises has been fully mastered.

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