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Recuperators (devices for "returning" energy to the industrial power grid) will help adapt to modern conditions for the use of wind energy and small hydroelectric power plants. These types of energy are now called "non-traditional", although they are really traditional, having served people since time immemorial in the form of sails, cattle drinkers, mills, etc.

But what to do when there is no current in the network at all? With an increase in the number of small power plants (and such a trend has long been outlined all over the world), they will be able to do without the main power plant, but for now they have to turn off the "flooded" recuperator. You can, of course, charge batteries with free energy, but the energy storage density in electrochemical batteries is low: for lead-acid batteries - 64 kJ / kg, for nickel-cadmium batteries - 110 kJ / kg, for fuel cells (at different discharge times) from 15 to 150 kJ/kg. There are also "hot" batteries with molten electrolyte (300 ... 600 ° C), for example, sodium sulphide, whose density is 800 kJ / kg, but their efficiency is low.

Maybe a flywheel? A solid disk of equal strength has a density of 120 kJ/kg, a superflywheel made of tape - 150 kJ/kg, a superflywheel made of special fiber - 650 kJ/kg [1].

Back in 1791, the Russian mechanic I.P. Kulibin built a two-seat carriage driven by a servant located on the back. In this pra-car, elements were laid that are beginning to be used in transport only now: a flywheel battery and a regenerative brake [2]. The flywheel has been known since time immemorial. Today, flywheels are placed in a vacuum chamber to reduce air friction losses. Instead of bearings, magnetic bearings are used.

By doubling the speed of the flywheel, we quadruple its kinetic energy. That is why the main direction in the development of flywheel batteries is to increase the number of revolutions, and hence the strength. If the flywheel is made of a very strong quartz fiber, then it will be possible to increase the energy density to 5000 kJ / kg. And if you use carbon fiber with a diamond structure, then the density will increase to 15000 kJ / kg!

Along with the energy density, batteries are characterized by the density of the output power. And here the flywheel has no equal. Of course, power take-off from modern flywheels is possible only by electrical means, no mechanics is able to withstand such an energy density.

Nevertheless, electrochemical and flywheel batteries have a worthy competitor - a thermal battery, in which energy is stored in highly heated substances that are on the verge of transition from one of their states to another. These batteries store an enormous amount of energy, much more than any other type of battery. These types of batteries are our Sun, Earth's plasma, ball lightning, etc. The energy storage density in them is maximum.

Back in 1995, the author of these lines tried to make a chamber for "bottomless" accumulation. Its device is simple. The strong and tight chamber consists of two electrodes isolated from each other. The chamber is filled with water. At a voltage of 2 V, all water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen. Then it was supposed to set fire to the mixture with high voltage. The first design could not withstand the high pressure, and the gases escaped from it. With my research, I managed to "infect" a graduate of Lviv University R. Stasiv. His camera, based on my experience, was made much stronger (see picture).

Epoxy resin was used instead of plastic gaskets, and tool steel was used in the construction of the chamber. The cover gasket was made of thin copper foil. The volume of the chamber is greatly reduced, but then they did not attach any importance to this (ball lightning has a critical diameter, reaching which they explode).

Rostislav conducted the tests himself, which is also unacceptable. He managed to completely decompose all the water in a chamber with a volume of less than a thimble. An ohmmeter connected to the chamber showed a "break", which meant the complete absence of water.

The next step is to ignite the mixture using a high-voltage transformer used in large boiler plants. With this procedure, nothing seemed to happen, and it was possible to start charging the battery. Now it was already a hybrid: both a hot electrochemical battery and a flywheel (the substance in the chamber, more precisely, the dissociation front, in theory, should have rotated at a speed of up to 365000 rpm), and a heat accumulator (plasma was inside the chamber). But then the researcher took the camera in his hand and for some reason shook it ... A terrible explosion shook the whole area, frightened people came running from neighboring houses. Six days of concussion and a wounded hand - that's the result of the test for the researcher.

Of course, such an experiment with any other energy charge of such power would hardly have ended in "acoustics". The reason for the relatively favorable outcome of the accident is the property of "explosive gas" - a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. When it explodes, a conventional thermal explosion and a vacuum one superimpose.

The experiment did not end as we wanted (there are no unsuccessful experiments, they are all "touching the Truth"), and we are going to continue it. After all, the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen promises 141,88 kJ / kg, and hydrogen alone, if split into atoms, already gives 213,3 kJ / kg. What happens if you split an atom? In [3] there are the words: "In principle, the efficiency of electricity is enormous, much more than the efficiency of gravity."

References:

1. Gulia N. Transport leaving for tomorrow//Model Designer. -1980. No. 1. -С15-17.
2. Gulia N. To the designer in the dossier: on tomorrow's street//Model designer. -1982. -#1. -p.16.
3. Svoren R.A. Electronics step by step: a practical encyclopedia for a young radio amateur. M.: Children's literature, 1986.

Author: Yu.Borodaty

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