Savings on heating. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Savings on heating. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrician's Handbook

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In winter, electricity is mainly used for space heating. This is why power cuts no longer save money. The people increased the power of heat electric heaters. Therefore, despite the energy hunger, electricity consumption in Ukraine is growing and already exceeds the world average by almost 10 times.

The reason for this is mainly the scientific and technical backwardness of heat-generating technologies. Electricians can help the country by promoting and implementing new thinking, at least at the household level.

Most homemade heaters (the so-called "goats") are heaters with an open coil. They are the most inefficient, since part of the energy they use goes to endothermic (with heat absorption) reactions of nitrogen oxidation (air is 80% nitrogen). The formation of scale on the spiral shortens its service life. To reduce energy losses for oxidation, the spirals are placed in quartz or metal tubes (heating elements).

Spiral heaters are also inefficient because the air they heat immediately rises, heating only a small section of the ceiling (above itself). To weaken the natural convection of heat, forced horizontal movement of air is carried out using electric fans. It also weakens the coil temperature and directs the heating. The direction of heating is also carried out with the help of heat reflectors. Heat from electric heaters is "diluted" not only with air, but also with steam oil heaters.

But the heat pump remains the most efficient heater today. Back in 1902, V.M. Mikhelson heated the premises with the help of a heat pump. 1 kg of coal instead of 33440 kJ of heat gave 87780 kJ. Everyone who studied the device of the refrigerator is familiar with the heat pump. Now other well-known heat pumps - air conditioners are widely used for space heating. In general, the heat pump saves energy by 2,6 times, but so far the design of universal air conditioners limits the savings to 1,5-2 times.

It is clear that heat pumps are the future. But can you save more? Yes! There is a way ... Houses built using new technologies almost do not release heat to the outside. Sealing rooms requires ventilation. Natural ventilation has to be carried out by opening windows, and this is again a loss. Forced ventilation through bulky counter heat exchangers is also ineffective. The future belongs to hybrid thermal ventilation.

Air from the premises is used as the working fluid of the heat pump. Instead of going outside, the hot air from the ventilation will be compressed by an electric compressor, pass through the heat exchanger and be released outside, having done the work in the expander. Part of the energy is thus returned, for example, to compress the same air. The efficiency of such combined heating is higher due to the use of a freon air conditioner in the heating mode.

It may seem silly to produce supercooled air in winter. But this is only at first glance. The energy intensity of such heating is much lower than the most optimistic estimates. The fact is that part of the cold from the room, turned into a "heat trap", will be extracted by people. We are warm-blooded, a comfortable temperature for a person is 15 ... 20 ° C lower than body temperature. This means that a person consumes cold, not heat. The new method of heating will fundamentally change the situation when people's homes "warm the sky" and not themselves.

Author: Y. Bearded

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