Types of adhesives for different applications. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Ham Radio Technologies

 Comments on the article

Almost all types of adhesives are described here.

1. PVA glue (polyvinyl acetate) glues wood, cardboard, glass, leather, fabric. The adhesive is applied in a thin layer on degreased surfaces, joined and compressed. "Seizes" the glue in 20 minutes. and completely dry in 24 hours. Before drying, the adhesive seam can be easily cleaned with a damp cloth.

2. Glue universal "Moment-1". Bonds wood, metal, rigid PVC, leather, rubber, felt, decorative laminate, glass, ceramics. The glue is toxic and flammable, so it is necessary to work with it in a well-ventilated area or in the open air - away from open flames. Apply a thin layer of glue to both surfaces to be glued (dry, cleaned and degreased), hold for 15 - 20 minutes until the glue dries to "stick" (i.e. until the glue stops sticking to the attached clean finger), and compress them for a few seconds.
When gluing surfaces of a large area made of flexible material, such as thin rubber and plastic, it is quite difficult to combine the surfaces, since gluing occurs instantly and if it is applied incorrectly, it is almost impossible to change anything. Alignment is facilitated by placing a blank sheet of paper between the surfaces to be glued. Gradually pushing the paper, combine the surfaces and compress them (roll). It is convenient to apply glue on large surfaces with a metal spatula.

3. Epoxy glue is designed for bonding metal, ceramics, glass, wood and other materials, for sealing holes and cracks, and can also be used as a varnish coating. The adhesive is water and oil resistant and a good electrical insulator.
The prepared glue, as well as its components, irritate the skin. Adhesive that comes into contact with the skin should be washed off immediately with warm water and soap. Glue cannot be used to repair food utensils.
The adhesive is prepared immediately before use by mixing the resin with the hardener in the ratio indicated in the instructions (often 10:1). The components are thoroughly mixed for 5 - 10 minutes. The surfaces to be glued are covered with a thin layer of glue and connected with a slight pressure. Excess glue is removed, and this can be done immediately or after 4-5 hours, when partial polymerization of the glue has already begun and excess glue is easily removed with a knife or other suitable tool. Full curing at room temperature occurs within a day. At lower temperatures, the curing time increases significantly. The strength of the adhesive bond can be increased by heating the parts to be bonded at a temperature of about 100 ºС for several hours of adhesive curing. Strength significantly depends on the accuracy of compliance with the ratio of mixed components specified in the instructions. Resin for commercial epoxy adhesive, as a rule, already contains a plasticizer in its composition, which provides the necessary elasticity of the adhesive joint. If you prepare the glue yourself, it is necessary to introduce up to 10% of the plasticizer into the resin before introducing the hardener and mix thoroughly. The most commonly used plasticizer is dibutyl phthalate. The hardener is polyethylenepolyamine.

4. Adhesives BF-2 and BF-4 stick together metals, plastics, wood, glass, ceramics, leather, they are characterized by good electrical insulating properties, but high dielectric losses (tgb = 0,05). Glue BF-2 is used when good moisture and heat resistance of the adhesive line is required. BF-4 glue is preferred if elasticity and frost resistance of the joint are required. To achieve high bonding strength, the surfaces to be glued must be carefully adjusted to each other (gap no more than 0,05 mm), cleaned of dirt and oxides, degreased with acetone or another solvent. A thin primer layer of glue is applied to the surfaces prepared in this way with a brush, dried for about 1 hour in air or for 15 minutes. at a temperature of 85 - 95 ºС. After cooling the parts to room temperature, a second second layer of glue is applied, allowed to dry, after which the parts are pulled together (for example, with a clamp) and placed in a thermostat or oven, where they are dried at a temperature of 120 - 160 ºС for 2 hours. If the parts have low heat resistance, the adhesive line is dried at room temperature for 36 - 48 hours, however, the bonding strength in this case will be lower.
These adhesives can be used to protect metal parts from corrosion. They spread well over the surface of the metal and provide a coating that is sufficiently resistant to mechanical and chemical influences. If the glue is too thick, it can be diluted with ethyl alcohol.

5. Adhesives BF-6 are used for gluing fabrics, providing strength no less than when stitching. To make the connection invisible, trim the fringe and adjust the edges of the fabric. Then cut out an overlay 1,5 - 2 cm wide from a similar or thinner fabric. The fabric is cleaned of dust and dirt. So that the glue does not protrude on the front side of the fabric in the future, the overlay and the junction are abundantly moistened with water and squeezed out. A thin layer of glue is applied with a brush from the wrong side of the fabric and to the glued side of the lining. The glue is allowed to dry in the air until it is “tack free”, then a second layer is applied and also dried until it is “tack free”. An overlay is applied from the inside, covered with a clean, damp cloth and pressed with a hot iron. Every 10 - 12 seconds, the iron is torn off for 2 - 3 seconds, then pressed again. This operation is repeated until the moistened area of ​​the tissue is dry. Then, without moving the material, allow it to cool to room temperature. The iron should be heated to the temperature recommended for the type of fabric. Similarly, you can seal a gap, cut, or eliminate a hole in the fabric.

6. 88H adhesives bond rubber and other materials well to metal. The glue is thinned with benzene to the consistency of liquid sour cream (does not reach for the brush and does not drain from it), smear rubber (or other material) with it and dry for 3-5 minutes. Then a second layer is applied to the rubber and the first to the metal. Both layers are dried for 5 - 6 minutes. The parts are connected and the rubber is rolled with a roller, and dried during the day (preferably under pressure).

7. Glue "Unicum" provides a waterproof connection of products made of wood, metal, rubber, ceramics, leather, leather substitutes, dense fabrics, foam rubber and plastics in various combinations. A layer of glue is applied to the surfaces to be glued, degreased with acetone or gasoline, after 2 - 3 minutes - another layer and tightly compressed for 5 - 6 hours. It is recommended to use glued products no earlier than 24 hours later. Work with glue should be in a well-ventilated area away from fire, as the glue is flammable.

8. Glue "Mars" is intended mainly for gluing leather and leather products, but can also be successfully used for ceramics, wood, cardboard, polystyrene. A thin layer of adhesive is applied to dry and cleaned surfaces. After 5 minutes, a second layer is applied, the surfaces to be bonded are joined and left under load for 24 hours. The glue is combustible, and it is necessary to work with it away from open flame.

9. Isocyanate glue provides a strong bond between rubber and metal. Adhesive composition: leuconate and dichloroethane in a share ratio of 2:8. Parts are cleaned and degreased. The metal is coated with glue and dried in air for 30-40 minutes. Then the first layer is applied to the rubber, and the second layer to the metal. After 20 - 30 minutes, a third layer is applied to the metal, and a second layer is applied to the rubber. The parts are connected, compressed, heated to a temperature of 180 - 240 ºС and dried at this temperature for 10 - 12 minutes.

10. Wood glue is widely used for gluing wood. The quality of the glue largely depends on the correctness of its preparation. The required amount of dry tile adhesive is crushed, poured with clean cold water (3-5 cm above the adhesive level) and kept in it for 6-12 hours. After swelling of the glue, the top layer of water is drained, the dishes with glue are placed in a "water bath", and heated over low heat, stirring occasionally, until all the pieces of glue are dissolved. In the process of preparation, the temperature of the glue should not exceed 60 - 70 ºС, otherwise its adhesive ability deteriorates. During the bonding process, the temperature of the adhesive solution should be 30 - 50 ºС.
When gluing wood along the fibers, the surfaces of the parts are smeared with glue once, the end surfaces - twice, allowing the first layer to dry. The parts to be glued are not compressed immediately, since the hot glue is partially squeezed out, but the glue is allowed to dry for 3-5 minutes (the film should be sticky when tested with a finger and stretched into threads). After that, the parts are connected, rubbed a little, slightly shifting them, then squeezed (with a vice, clamps) or pulled together (with twine, bandage) and left for 4-6 hours. When repairing products, the layer of the old glue is removed. To do this, moisten a rag with water and put it on a layer of glue for 2 hours. Softened glue is scraped off with a knife, chisel or spatula.
The strength of the adhesive joint depends on its thickness and the moisture content of the wood. To obtain a strong connection, the thickness of the seam should be no more than 0,1 - 0,15 mm. When the moisture content of wood is more than 12% (veneer - 5%), the bonding strength deteriorates significantly. A small addition of an antiseptic (borax, phenol, salicylic acid) makes the adhesive resistant to all types of mold.

11. Waterproof carpentry glue can be obtained by adding natural alif to ordinary carpentry glue in a mass ratio of 4:1.

12. Adhesive paste is used for priming, puttying and gluing wood parts with joint gaps exceeding 0,2 mm. The paste is obtained by mixing in hot glue finely sifted ash, or dry sifted chalk, or micanite dust, etc. Glue paste can also be obtained by mixing the above fillers with other adhesives.

13. Syndeticone glue is used for gluing wood and gluing various materials to it.
The composition of the glue (in grams per liter of water): dry wood glue - 200, sugar - 200, slaked lime - 70. Dissolve sugar in water, then lime and heat over low heat until a clear liquid is obtained. The solution is filtered and crushed wood glue is put into it. During the day, wood glue is allowed to swell, and then it is dissolved in a glue pot in a "water bath". In a closed glass container, glue can be stored for a long time without losing its properties.
When finely sifted ash or dry chalk is added to the glue, a good putty paste is obtained.

14. Casein glue is used for gluing wood, mainly with pressing, cardboard, as well as for gluing paper, fabric, and leather to wood and cardboard. Casein is a light powder, diluted in cold water to the density of sour cream, adding water in small portions and mixing thoroughly for 40-50 minutes. Glue is ready for use in an hour and a half. Apply glue with a brush on both surfaces to be glued, which, after 4-6 minutes, are tightly compressed and incubated for at least 6-8 hours. Complete drying will occur in 18 - 20 hours.
Dried glue is much more resistant to heat and humidity than wood glue. The addition of aluminum alum (100 g/l) makes the adhesive bond more water resistant. The adhesive must be antiseptic, otherwise, if the hygroscopic materials dry slowly, mold will form and the parts may be damaged. For antiseptics, the glue is diluted in a 10 - 15% ammonia solution (ammonia) or 200 g / l of borax is added to it. It should be remembered that the glue leaves stains, especially noticeable on light wood, and over time these stains can become more contrasting.
Overstayed (more than 4 - 6 hours) and thickened glue should not be diluted with water: it has lost its adhesive ability.

15. Binding glue is prepared from carpentry by adding glycerin (1/20 of the glue volume) to liquid hot glue (directly in a "water bath").

16. Glue for cardboard is prepared by dissolving 100 g in 9 ml of water. office (silicate) glue, 6 gr. potato starch and 1 gr. Sahara. The resulting slurry is heated until a homogeneous mass is formed. Cardboard can be glued with many other adhesives, however, the adhesive according to this recipe gives a stronger bond than, for example, flour paste, and is also cheaper than many other adhesives, which is important with a large consumption of glue.

17. Glue dextrin common glue for paper. Glue is prepared by diluting dextrin with cold water (400 g/l). Dextrin can be prepared by yourself if you heat dry potato starch on an iron sheet to 400 ºС and grind the resulting brown opaque lumps into powder.

18. Tissue paper glue can be made by adding enough denatured alcohol to dextrin glue to make a syrupy liquid. This adhesive does not seep through the paper.

19. Gum arabic - glue for paper and cardboard from gum (thickened juice of some fruit trees, such as cherries, plums, apricots). The gum is crushed into powder and diluted with warm water to the consistency of liquid sour cream.

20. Starch paste - glue for paper. Potato starch at the rate of 60 - 80 g / l is dissolved in cold water (1/5 of the total volume of water), mixed thoroughly, brewed with boiling water (4/5 of the total volume of water) and borax (25 g / l) is added. The paste is usually applied cold.

21. Flour paste - glue for paper and cardboard. To prepare 1 liter. paste take 200 g of wheat flour and 50 g of dry wood glue. The flour is diluted in cold water and, with thorough stirring, boiling water is added until a liquid slurry is formed. Then pour in wood glue dissolved in water. The resulting mass is boiled over low heat, stirring constantly so that it does not burn. When the gruel starts to bubble and turns bluish, the paste is ready.

22. Photo glue can be used for gluing scales, nameplates made on photographic paper. The composition of the photoglue (in grams per liter of water): starch - 60, aluminum alum - 40, chalk (tooth powder) - 40, dry blue - 1. About half of the total amount of water is heated and alum is dissolved in it. The remaining water is used to prepare a starch paste. The alum solution is poured into the paste and mixed well. After half an hour, add chalk (tooth powder) and blue and mix thoroughly. Store glue in a closed glass container.

23. Glue for connecting fabric, leatherette and leather with wood can be prepared according to the following recipe (in mass fractions): mix wheat flour (40), rosin (3), aluminum alum (1,5), all this is poured with water (100) and stir thoroughly. The resulting pasty mass is put on low heat and stirred until the mass begins to thicken. Bonding is done with hot glue.

24. Protacryl - plastic mass - universal high-quality adhesive and coating, which after grinding and polishing gives a decorative moisture-proof surface. Widely used in dental practice. It is insoluble in acids, alkalis, mineral oils, perfectly adheres to various materials - metal, glass, porcelain, plastic, wood.
Protacryl consists of a powder and a liquid, which are mixed immediately before use in a ratio of 2: (1 - 1,1) in a glass or porcelain dish and stirred for 1 - 2 minutes. at the same time, avoid getting air bubbles into the mass (the spatula should always touch the bottom of the dish while mixing the mass). The powder should be completely saturated with liquid, the surface of the mass should become uniform and shiny. The readiness of the mass is determined by the appearance of threads stretching behind the spatula. The surfaces to be glued are cleaned of dirt and thoroughly degreased with acetone, gasoline or some other organic solvent.
Apply glue to both surfaces, then combine them and lightly squeeze. Complete polymerization at a temperature of 40 - 45 C occurs after 15 - 20 minutes, at room temperature - after 30 - 70 minutes.
To achieve the required coating thickness, protacryl can be applied to the surface in several layers. Places not to be coated are lubricated with silicone oil or rubbed with graphite powder. Somewhat worse results are given by ordinary sunflower oil.

25. Celluloid glue is a solution of celluloid in acetone. To prepare such glue at home, you need to dissolve pieces of celluloid (2 - 3g) in acetone (100ml). The glue is applied to the fat-free surface with a brush or a wooden spatula, allowed to dry for 2-3 minutes, after which the parts are tightly connected and dried at room temperature for about an hour.

26. Glue for polystyrene - a solution of polystyrene shavings (4 - 6 g) in benzene (10 ml). The gluing technology is the same as for celluloid, but the drying time is 10 - 12 hours. Polystyrene parts can also be glued with pure acetone, which dissolves this material well. In addition, glue "Unicum" or "Mars" is used.

27. Glue for organic glass may have one of the following compositions (solution of organic glass chips):
0,5 - 1,5 g chips, 100 ml dichloroethane.
3 - 5 g chips, 100 ml of 85% formic acid.
3 - 5 g of chips, 100 ml of glacial acetic acid.
0,5 - 1 g of chips, a mixture of acetone (60 ml) and vinegar essence (40 ml).
In addition, organic glass can be glued with pure dichloroethane. To do this, it is applied to organic glass with a brush until the surface layer of the parts begins to slightly dissolve. It is better to work with dichloroethane outdoors, as it is toxic. Avoid getting it on damaged areas of the skin.

28. Glue for ebonite is prepared by mixing pure rosin powder (6 mass fractions) with linseed oil (1 fraction). The composition is heated, stirring, and brought to a boil. After cooling, the adhesive is stored indefinitely. The surfaces to be glued are treated with a rasp, heated at a temperature of 50 - 70 ºС for 15 - 20 minutes and the glue heated to boiling is applied to them.

29. Foam adhesive solution in dichloroethane or acetone is resistant to alkali and alkaline electrolyte and can serve as a protective film for painted surfaces. The solution is prepared in a clean glass container, pouring small pieces of polystyrene with a solvent. The solution should have the density of silicate glue. A thin layer of the solution is applied with a brush on a degreased with pure gasoline or acetone and dried with a brush and dried. Then the surface is covered with paint or bituminous varnish and, after drying, the solution is applied again. As a result, a layer of paint or varnish will be between two layers of alkali-resistant coating. In this way it is good to cover, for example, cans of alkaline batteries. The solution is toxic and volatile. It is necessary to prepare the solution and work with it outdoors or in a room with good ventilation. Store the solution in a bottle with a stopper.

30. Glue for glass is prepared by dissolving gelatin in an equal amount of a 5% solution of potassium dichromate. Glue is prepared in a darkened room. The parts are coated, tightened with a clamp or, for example, tightly wrapped with threads and kept in the light for 5-8 hours. The glue does not dissolve in hot water.

31. Glue for glass and ceramics may have one of the following compositions:
A solution of casein in liquid glass (or silicate glue).
Gypsum mixed with egg white.
Gypsum soaked for a day in a saturated solution of aluminum alum, then dried, ground and mixed with water (this is the best composition for gluing ceramics).
A solution of dry finely ground chalk (tooth powder) in liquid glass in a ratio of 1:4 (by weight).
All these adhesives should have the consistency of sour cream.

32. Paste for bonding glass to metal is convenient for a large area of ​​bonded surfaces, as it has a liquid consistency. The adhesive bond is quite strong. The composition of the paste in mass fractions:
Oxide midi - 2.
Emery powder - 2.
Liquid glass - 6.
The mixture is ground until a homogeneous mass is formed. The glued parts are heated to 100 ºС and maintained at this temperature for 2 hours, then cooled to room temperature. After 12 - 14 hours the paste will completely harden.

33. Heat-resistant adhesive paste suitable for repairing vitrified resistors, for insulating their leads, as well as for insulating heating elements. Dried talc (6 mass fractions) is mixed with liquid glass (or silicate glue), which is taken so much as to obtain a mass of sour cream consistency (about 8 - 12 parts). Damaged or moldable areas of the coating are smeared with paste and dried at room temperature for about an hour. Then the part is heated to 100 - 110 ºС and maintained at a temperature of 10 - 15 minutes.

34. Putty for fixing steel reinforcement in stone can be prepared according to the following recipe in (mass fractions:
Dry ingredients are mixed - iron filings (100), gypsum (300), ammonia (5) and this mixture is diluted with 9%, so-called table vinegar (40 - 60) to the desired consistency. The resulting putty is used immediately.

35. Lock putty eliminates spontaneous unscrewing of nuts, replacing various lock washers. Talc is kneaded in nitro enamel in a ratio of 1: 3 and diluted to the desired consistency with acetone or a solvent for nitro paints.

36. Putties are used to seal minor flaws and level the surface of metal, wood and plastic products before applying decorative paint and varnish coatings.
The putty is selected from the table depending on the material of the product, the condition of its surface and the paintwork to be applied.

The binder must be filtered if it contains mechanical impurities, and the filler and dyes must be sifted until the tooth powder is ground. It is convenient to prepare putty on a sheet of tin with curved edges, or on a sheet of plywood with slats stuffed along the edges. It is recommended to first mix all the dry ingredients, and then add a binder to them.
Ready putty can be stored for several months in a plastic bag or in a jar, pouring water on top.
In addition to the compositions shown in the table, when working with wood products and some home-made plastics, adhesive pastes can be used as putties. Putty the surface to be treated with a spatula.

Did you know?

It is convenient to spread the glue with the help of a plastic cork from a bottle, for example, from champagne. Glue is poured into the cork, covered with a strip of paper, turned over and placed on the surface to be glued, then a strip of paper is pulled out and, evenly driving the cork over the surface, the glue is smeared. The layer is thin and even.

Brushes of the right size for applying glue can be quickly made from a worn-out brush-basting or a mop with synthetic bristles. Even a mesh in which fruits and vegetables are packed will fit. To do this, take an aluminum tube (made of soft alloys) of a suitable diameter, process its end with a file, chamfer, especially carefully along the inner edge (it is more convenient to do this with a shoe knife or another knife). The pile is folded in half, threading a strong twine or soft wire into the resulting loop, in order to then draw the bunch of pile into the tube to a depth of 15 - 20 mm. It is advisable to preliminarily hold the part of the pile drawn into the tube for 20-30 seconds in hot water. Then it remains to compress the end of the tube with a pile in a vice or flatten it with a hammer and cut off the excess pile with a knife, giving the desired shape and size to the working end of the brush.

Polyethylene can be glued with BF glue. The surface must be thoroughly rinsed with a 25% solution of chromic anhydride in order to remove a very thin fatty film from the polyethylene, after which the adhesive "sets" well.

Capron can be glued with concentrated hydrochloric acid or formic acid.

Mica is glued with a weak solution of gelatin. If increased requirements are imposed on the strength of the bonding, then chromic alum is added to the gelatin.

A split abrasive bar can be glued with shellac, and the connection is not inferior in strength to a solid stone. First of all, it is necessary to carefully clean the fracture points and remove the remaining oil by heating the pieces on a hot thick metal sheet. The flame must not touch the pieces, otherwise they may burst elsewhere. For the same reason, they should not be overheated. The surfaces to be glued are carefully sprinkled with shellac and the pieces are heated again until the shellac melts and fills the pores. Then the pieces are folded, pressed one to the other, clamped with a clamp and held until they cool.

To prepare a small amount of epoxy glue, you can use a well-washed tube from a ballpoint pen or a "straw" for cocktails. Two risks are made on the tube at a distance, for example, 10 and 110 mm from one end. First, the hardener is sucked up to the first risk, then the resin - to the second, that is, in a ratio of 1:10. A cotton wad is inserted into the tube and pushed through with a wire, squeezing out the glue components, which are then thoroughly mixed. You can use a rubber bulb to suck up the components.

Epoxy adhesive can also be applied to a wet surface, but then instead of the commonly used polyethylene polyamine, another hardener is needed - AF-2.

Sufficiently "universal" glue can be prepared from small pieces of linoleum (without a cloth base): the scraps are poured into a glass or metal jar of paint or instant coffee, poured with acetone to the top layer and tightly closed with a lid. After 15 - 20 hours the glue is ready. It glues metal, wood, ceramics, fabric, felt well. When mixing glue with chalk powder in a mass ratio of 1: 2, a waterproof putty is obtained.

A good "thin" putty can be prepared on water-based paint (you can use the sediment of a long-stored paint), adding finely sifted chalk or tooth powder to it. Putty should be applied in a thin layer, using a metal spatula for this. Steel products can only be puttied after priming, as the water-based base causes intense corrosion of the unprotected metal surface. Water-based paint contains an antiseptic. Therefore, the putty prepared on it is resistant to mold.

A can with a longitudinal section allows you to clean the spatula from putty during operation. The spatula is inserted into the incision and pulled out. The spatula is cleaned with the edges of the cut, the putty remains in the jar.

Publication: library.espec.ws

See other articles Section Ham Radio Technologies.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Artificial leather for touch emulation 15.04.2024

In a modern technology world where distance is becoming increasingly commonplace, maintaining connection and a sense of closeness is important. Recent developments in artificial skin by German scientists from Saarland University represent a new era in virtual interactions. German researchers from Saarland University have developed ultra-thin films that can transmit the sensation of touch over a distance. This cutting-edge technology provides new opportunities for virtual communication, especially for those who find themselves far from their loved ones. The ultra-thin films developed by the researchers, just 50 micrometers thick, can be integrated into textiles and worn like a second skin. These films act as sensors that recognize tactile signals from mom or dad, and as actuators that transmit these movements to the baby. Parents' touch to the fabric activates sensors that react to pressure and deform the ultra-thin film. This ... >>

Petgugu Global cat litter 15.04.2024

Taking care of pets can often be a challenge, especially when it comes to keeping your home clean. A new interesting solution from the Petgugu Global startup has been presented, which will make life easier for cat owners and help them keep their home perfectly clean and tidy. Startup Petgugu Global has unveiled a unique cat toilet that can automatically flush feces, keeping your home clean and fresh. This innovative device is equipped with various smart sensors that monitor your pet's toilet activity and activate to automatically clean after use. The device connects to the sewer system and ensures efficient waste removal without the need for intervention from the owner. Additionally, the toilet has a large flushable storage capacity, making it ideal for multi-cat households. The Petgugu cat litter bowl is designed for use with water-soluble litters and offers a range of additional ... >>

The attractiveness of caring men 14.04.2024

The stereotype that women prefer "bad boys" has long been widespread. However, recent research conducted by British scientists from Monash University offers a new perspective on this issue. They looked at how women responded to men's emotional responsibility and willingness to help others. The study's findings could change our understanding of what makes men attractive to women. A study conducted by scientists from Monash University leads to new findings about men's attractiveness to women. In the experiment, women were shown photographs of men with brief stories about their behavior in various situations, including their reaction to an encounter with a homeless person. Some of the men ignored the homeless man, while others helped him, such as buying him food. A study found that men who showed empathy and kindness were more attractive to women compared to men who showed empathy and kindness. ... >>

Random news from the Archive Simple greenhouse gas sensor 30.07.2020 Researchers from the Case Studies Department at Linköping University have developed a simple greenhouse gas flux recorder. Until now, measuring instruments have been so expensive that society has had to rely on crude models to map greenhouse gas emissions. It is extremely important that scientists and enthusiasts be able to take as many measurements as possible at different locations. This will help to check if emission reduction measures really work. The scientists hope that their simple and cost-effective recorder could enable more of these measurements. Methane, CH4, is one of the most important long-lived greenhouse gases that contributes significantly to global warming. Since the 1750s, its relative increase in the atmosphere has been greater than for other greenhouse gases. There are many different sources and examples, including incomplete combustion, natural gas and biogas processing, and microbial production in agriculture, wetlands, and lakes. However, the large number of sources, which can vary greatly in ways that are not fully understood, makes it difficult to quantify gas flows. This further hinders the development of new strategies to reduce flows. In addition, the discovery that lakes, rivers and flooded forests are major sources of methane, by David Bastwiken and colleagues back in 2011 and later, shows that scientists do not know all sources of greenhouse gases. The scientists built and tested a simple recorder based on the open source Arduino hardware. Parts are available at many electronics stores; they can be ordered online for about 200 euros. Scientists have also developed more accurate ways to calibrate the methane sensor. This will allow greenhouse gas fluxes to be measured at very low cost.

Other interesting news:

▪ US Air Force space drone

▪ Turkeys and cats instead of CAPTCHA

▪ PIC16CR - new microcontrollers MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY

▪ Planet 9 times larger than Jupiter discovered

▪ Complete human genome presented

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Parameters of radio components. Article selection

▪ article Maiden's memory. Popular expression

▪ article When were wheeled bags invented? Detailed answer

▪ article Istod Siberian. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Radio game Find a mine. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Reducing the temperature in the computer system unit. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024