|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING To collect bee venom. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Home, household, hobby Bee venom - a valuable and indispensable raw material for many medicines - is obtained in different ways. For example, using the Jadwiga device. It sends irritating electrical impulses to a special frame-poison collector placed in the hive, which force the bees to defend themselves. While stinging the frame, the winged healers leave their rapidly crystallizing poison on it. Speaking flatteringly about the capabilities of "Jadwiga", beekeepers, however, are unanimous that an increase in output power (and, consequently, the number of connected frame-poison collectors) will not interfere with the device. Taking into account these wishes, a three-channel version of the Yadviga-12 electronic bee venom collector was developed and successfully tested. If necessary, some of its twelve standard frames can be turned off by removing the supply voltage from one or more amplification channels. In addition, even if two amplifying stages fail, the device continues to operate, albeit with a lower performance. The triple reserve of reliability incorporated in the design turns out to be useful in field operating conditions. At the heart of "Yadwiga-12" is an electronic device that generates adjustable "packs" of sound frequency pulses of 50-15 Hz with a duration of 000-1 s and an amplitude of 60 V. The pulses are fed to twelve special frames placed in the hive. Frames can be combined into cassettes of four frames each. The duration of the message and pause, the frequency and amplitude of the signal are selected experimentally. Experienced beekeepers most often recommend setting this mode of the device: the sound frequency of the "package" of pulses is 100 Hz, the amplitude is 30 V, the duration is 1 s, the pause between "packages" is 6 s. The device consists of an audio frequency generator DD2, a clock generator DD1, an expander of three emitter followers VT1, VT4, VT7 with inputs connected in parallel, and three low-frequency amplifiers DA1, DA2, DA3, each of which is covered by its own cascade of automatic gain control VT2-C9, VT5-C24, VT8-C37 and loaded on its own step-up transformer with one to four frames. The Jadwiga-12 also includes a mains power supply and a stabilizer that outputs +9 V and +15 V.
The audio frequency generator generates oscillations, the frequency of which is regulated by the resistor R19. The waveform at the output of the generator is a meander. The DD2 generator is controlled by the DD1 clock generator, which generates parcels, the duration of which is 1-30 s, which is controlled by the resistor R1, and the duration of the pauses between them by the resistor R4. Time-setting capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series towards each other, being a kind of "bipolar" of high capacity with small dimensions. Thanks to a special cascade, assembled on a transistor VT3, the high output impedance of the DD2 chip is matched with a lower input impedance of the splitter. Resistor R21 regulates the amplitude of the output signal. Three identical low-frequency amplifiers are assembled on DA1, DA2 and DA3 microcircuits. They are made according to a typical scheme with frequency correction (L1C14, L2C22 and L3C41) of the signal at the output of the device. On transistors VT2, VT5 and VT8, automatic gain control stages are implemented. The main path of amplified audio signals is to the primary windings of the output transformers T1, T2 and T4.1. But there is also a branch intended for "auditory" control. It leads through the SA1 switch to the BFXNUMX telephone capsule. "Working" pulses, transformed in the direction of increasing voltage, arrive at the poison collection frame. For visual control of their amplitude, the pointer device RA1 is used. Through a bridge diode detector, it is connected by sections 2 and 3 of the SA4 switch to the secondary winding of any of T1-T3. As a rule, setting up the Jadwiga-12 does not cause any particular difficulties. The stabilizer starts working immediately when connected to a household electrical network or to batteries (batteries of galvanic cells 12-24 V). The frequency range of the DD2 generator is set by selecting R20 and C15 at the extreme positions of the slider of the variable resistor R19. The duration of the parcels and pauses between them is corrected by changing the capacitance C1 and C2, as well as the resistance of the resistors R1 and R4. The operation of the cascades consists in shunting the input of the DA1 microcircuit with an open collector-emitter junction of the thyristor VT2 when a control voltage is applied to its base through the capacitor C9. The operation of the remaining stages (VT4, VT8) is similar. The sensitivity of the device RA1 is regulated by the selection of the resistance of the resistor R35. It is necessary that the maximum deviation of the pointer of the PA1 microammeter be observed when the output voltage reaches 100 V (the position of the slider of the potentiometer R21 is at the maximum amplitude). Trimmer resistors R9, R25 and R39 are used to equalize the output voltage on all three channels.
The design used chips K176LE6, K176LE10, K174UN7. KT312B semiconductor triodes can be replaced with KT301, KT306, KT315, KT316, KT342, KT803A transistor - with KT805, KT808, KT908. Fixed resistors are the most common - type MLT-0,25. Instead of the zener diode D814A, any of the D807 is acceptable, and D814 can serve as an analogue of D809V. Microammeter RA1 with a total deflection current of 100 μA. But here, too, a replacement for a pointer device with similar parameters is acceptable. True, this will require an adjustment in the value of the resistor R35. Speaking about other details, it should be noted that in the author's version of "Yadwiga-12" a TON-2 telephone capsule with a coil impedance of 1600 ohms was used. Switch SA4 biscuit, designed for three positions and the same number of directions; toggle switches SA1-SA3 and SA5 type TV2-1. As transformers T1-TK, the output from household tube radios is suitable. They only turn on the other way around: with a low-voltage winding - to the microcircuit, and with a high-voltage winding - to the poison selection frames. Any power transformer with a power of at least 50 VA and an output voltage of 15-20 V. Chokes L1-L3, containing eight turns of PEL-0,27 wire, are wound on MLT-0,25 resistors with a nominal value of at least 100 kOhm. The device is mounted in a rectangular case. The controls and controls are displayed on the front panel, and the output terminals and fuses - on the back. The printed circuit boards of the device itself and the stabilizer are made of one-sided foil-coated fiberglass 1,5 mm thick. The poison collection frame is a glass plate measuring 400x260x3 mm (for a detailed description of its design, see No. 6'99 of the magazine). On the long sides of the plate there are wooden planks with a groove into which the poison glass is inserted. Over the wooden frame of each of the plates, two 0,2-turn coils are wound with "nichrome" wire 0,3-50 mm thick so that the turns of one are located between the turns of the other with a step between adjacent wires of 4 mm. Opposite (outer) turns of the coils are connected to the terminals to which the output voltage is applied. The inner ends are free. "Jadwiga-12" is a device that requires careful and careful handling. Otherwise, it can "sting" just as painfully as a real bee. The technology for collecting bee venom using Jadwiga-12 is not difficult. Success is guaranteed by the presence of the equipment itself, which includes a pulse generator, poison collectors, connecting two-wire lines, a filter (200 holes per 1 cm2), a 12-volt battery, a glass cleaning box. It is also desirable to have a scraper, utensils with a capacity of 100 g with a ground stopper, gauze (respirator), a refrigerator, scales with an accuracy of measurements up to 0,1 g, a vacuum desiccator or a glass jar with a capacity of 300 l with a wide mouth and a polyethylene lid, desiccants (pentaxyl, tealit or silica gel, XNUMX g), wax or blue electrical tape. Preparation for work is the placement of frames-poison-collectors in the hives (previously, the inserted glass must be washed with alcohol, the canvases and ceilings must be removed), connecting the line to the generator and deploying it so that there is a socket near each processed hive, as well as connecting the generator to power source. Hive covers should be moved for ventilation. Then connect the first poison collector closest to the generator to the line. With a strong bribe, it is not recommended to collect bee venom. The most productive time for obtaining the purest poison is 4-5 in the morning, when the bees have not yet had time to process the bribe brought the day before. The procedure is this. It is necessary to set the generator to a mode with a pulse amplitude of 30 V, a "burst" duration of 1 s, a pause duration and a "burst" filling frequency of 50-100 Hz. We can also recommend a variant with the following parameters: 30 V, 2 s, 2 s and 500 Hz. Which of the modes to prefer is up to the beekeeper himself, based on his experience and the productive characteristics of bee colonies. (Note: the OPERATION and PAUSE adjustments should be set with a stopwatch, focusing on the sound indicator.) If the bees begin to sting the glass (and at the same time there is no case), then you can continue to work and, using the AMPLITUDE adjustment, select the optimal generator mode. Then, connecting in turn all the remaining bee colonies, you need to make sure that some poison collector does not short-circuit the line (the defective frame must be immediately disconnected from the device and replaced with a serviceable one!). A sign of a short circuit is the absence of a sound signal from the generator at a "suspicious" load. The duration of the session of obtaining bee venom should not exceed forty minutes. The frequency of taking poison from one bee colony is once every 7-10 days. At the end of the session, disconnect the frames from the line, shake off the bees from them (the use of a brush is excluded!) And place the frames in a portable box. Then turn off the generator, collect all the equipment, and take the poison collectors to a cool, dry room.
Obtaining bee venom is, one might say, a delicate matter, requiring careful adherence to technology. It is strictly forbidden to keep glass plates with poison in the sun. If the bees do not go to the frames (this can be observed after several sessions), then it is recommended to blow on them or lightly tap on the hive. When taking poison, it is useful to look at the thermometer: the ambient temperature should be at least 15 ° C. Otherwise, you can freeze the brood. When cleaning glass also has its own characteristics. First of all, you need the right equipment. And this is a box made of plexiglass measuring 600x400x350 mm without a bottom, but with two holes for hands, equipped with armlets; a respirator or a four-layer gauze bandage on the mouth and nose, a scraper with replaceable razor blades (one for cleaning each poison collector - the points quickly become dull) and wide-mouthed glass bottles with a capacity of 100-200 ml with ground stoppers. The essence of the removal and primary processing of the resulting poison is that, putting the glass insert "bitten" by bees on the table and covering it with a Plexiglas box, remove the already crystallized poison from the glass with a scraper. (When scraping, it is necessary to bypass places with obvious contamination, be it pollen, nectar, etc., without cleaning anything from them.) Then pass the removed raw materials through a sieve and pour into a bottle. This bottle of poison (not closed!) Should be placed for final drying in the upper part of the desiccator, and a desiccant should be poured into the lower part - previously calcined and cooled to room temperature in a sealed container. In the absence of a desiccator, all freshly collected bee venom should be placed on a paper plate in a three-liter jar with a desiccant. For better tightness, it is recommended to wrap the cover with electrical tape. Exposure - 24 hours at a temperature close to zero. It should be borne in mind that when adding a new portion of bee venom to a bottle taken out of the refrigerator, condensation may form. To prevent this from happening, you must first keep the bottle for 4-5 hours at room temperature and only then add the poison. The final processed bee venom must be weighed to the nearest 0,1 g, poured into a clean bottle and sealed by dipping the cork in melted wax. On the label indicate the weight (tare and poison), the date of collection, the location of the apiary. It is necessary to store such a bottle with its valuable contents in a two-layer bundle of opaque black paper at the bottom of the refrigerator. Indications for the quality of the poison: color - white or light yellow, humidity - no more than 2 percent, impurity content - no more than 2 percent, phospholidase A activity - at least 140 units. It takes about ten hours to collect such raw materials that meet pharmaceutical standards from thirty bee colonies. For shipment, bee venom must be packaged in a sealed glass container (no more than 100 g per container), carefully wrapped in opaque black paper. All this is placed in the parcel box along with the accompanying documents for the cargo and the data of the deliverer. Author: V.Rubtsov
Machine for thinning flowers in gardens
02.05.2024 Advanced Infrared Microscope
02.05.2024 Air trap for insects
01.05.2024
▪ Viruses are 10 times stronger in the morning than in the evening ▪ Odysseus didn't live in Ithaca ▪ Key innovations for the next 10 years ▪ Refrigerator for quantum chips
▪ section of the site Biographies of great scientists. Article selection ▪ article Carrot and stick policy. Popular expression ▪ article In what country are phalluses depicted on the walls of many houses? Detailed answer
Comments on the article: Basil Excellent!
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page