HPP without a dam. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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What does a self-made power plant on a small river mean compared to a hydroelectric power station? And is it worth building it at all, when power poles are stretched along every village street, throughout the country? But we must learn to save in both large and small. Save money by turning off the light bulb. And save money by adding your little electric stream to the sea of ​​​​electricity.

It is known that electricity is generated by a generator, the shaft of which rotates the engine. The engine of M. Login's power plant is simple: racks with two crankshafts A and B are fixed on a frame made of logs (see Fig. 3). Each shaft has three knees, the angles between which are equal to 120°. The crankshafts are connected by rods to which the blades are attached. In Figure 1, you can see that at the moment all the blades of rod B are at the bottom, they are immersed in water and, under its pressure, move back (to the right). The blades move the rod, and the rod, in turn, turns the crankshafts. As soon as the knees connected by this bar begin to rise up, the blades of the bar G are immersed in the water. Now they are already starting to work. Then the blades of the rod D will begin to work. By this time, the blades of the first rod B will pass above the surface of the water and again descend into the water. This is how the engine of Login's power plant will work.

(click to enlarge)

If you put a pulley on the end of one of the crankshafts and connect it with a belt drive to the pulley of the DC generator, the generator will begin to generate electricity. And if you attach a connecting rod to the drive pulley and connect it to the pump, the engine will pump water to the school site, to your garden.

Engine power depends not only on the speed of the water flow, but also on the number and area of ​​the blades, that is, on the geometric dimensions of the engine itself. And it can be made of any size, respectively, proportionally increasing or decreasing the size of its parts.

We give drawings of an engine that, at a water flow rate of 0,8-1 meters per second, will rotate a generator from a car. The voltage generated by the generator is 12 V, and the power is up to 150 watts.

Before you start building a hydro station, in a workshop or in a store that sells spare parts for cars, pick up a generator. Prepare materials: boards, logs of small diameter, steel wire, fasteners. Select the location where the power plant will be located. It is desirable that it be a straight section of the river. Here it is necessary to determine the speed of the current. It is done like this. On the selected section 15-20 meters long, mark two transverse alignments. After that, using a small float, such as wood chips, determine the speed of the water flow. The float should be thrown into the water a little higher than the upper alignment and, following it, count the time the float passed from the upper alignment to the bottom one using a stopwatch. Gotta do

10-15 such measurements, throwing the float either further or closer to the shore, and based on the results of the measurements, calculate the average speed of the river. If it lies within 0,8-1 m / s, feel free to proceed with construction.

The main dimensions of the parts of the power plant are given in Figure 1. We will only talk about how best to make the most complex parts.

Crankshaft. It can be made from a solid steel bar with a diameter of 16-20 mm. But it is easier to make it prefabricated (Fig. 3). First, cut the blanks of parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 from the rod. Make the cheeks of the knees from a steel strip 5 mm thick. Saw squares at the ends of the rods, and square holes in the cheeks. After connecting the parts, the squares are riveted. First you need to assemble the parts of the crankshaft "a" and "b" (see Fig. 3). Then you need to mark and cut out the squares at the free ends of the rods 2 and 3 so that the middle knee (after assembly) is located at an angle of 120 ° with respect to the extreme ones.

Bars with blades. We recommend making rods from wooden slats, blades from tesa or roofing iron. The blades are attached to the rods with vertical bars and guy wires (see Fig. 2).

Transmission device. The crankshaft, and therefore the drive pulley, will rotate at a rate of about one revolution every two seconds. The generator can produce electric current at 1000-1500 rpm. To get this number of revolutions on the generator, you need a transmission from pulleys of different diameters (see. Fig.).

Grooved pulleys made of plywood 5 mm thick. For each pulley, five circles should be cut. They are knocked down with nails or tightened with screws. The drive pulley, which is firmly attached to the end of the crankshaft, must have a diameter of at least 700 mm. Two intermediate ones are nailed to each other and freely put on the axle. They should rotate easily on this axis. If the rotation speed of the drive pulley is 30 rpm, then the diameter of the small intermediate pulley can be taken equal to 140 mm, and the large one - 600 mm. Then the alternator pulley (diameter 60 mm) will rotate at a speed of 1500 rpm. At other speeds of the drive pulley, the diameters of the intermediate pulleys will be different. The labor teacher will help you calculate their sizes.

Drive belts. The transmission pulleys are connected by drive belts. To ensure that the belts are always well tensioned, make them from a rubber band. Cut the old car camera into long strips. Twist each ribbon into a bundle, glue the ends with rubber glue and tie tightly with twine.

Adjustment. After assembling the mechanism, check if the rods rotate freely. Turning the drive pulley by hand, notice which of the rods is preventing the rotation of the crankshafts. After that, remove the bar and enlarge one of the holes for the neck of the knee so that it becomes a little oblong.

Author: V.Krivonosov

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