Household electrical appliances. Electric pumps. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Household electrical appliances. Electric pumps. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Household Appliances

Water supply to a subsidiary farm and a rural house can be organized in various ways: by connecting the house to the village water supply network, if any; organization of water intake from local surface (rivers, lakes) or underground springs (springs, wells, shaft or tubular artesian sources).

In all cases, the initial data when choosing a source of domestic and drinking water supply are water consumption rates, which depend on the level of home improvement and the presence of a subsidiary plot. Preference should be given to underground sources.

In rural areas, wells remain the main source of water supply, water from which is extracted by centrifugal, vortex, rotary, water jet, vibration and piston pumps.

Surface centrifugal pumps take water from a depth of up to 7 m and raise it to a height of up to 20 m. The pumps are installed both in wells and in open areas, but more often in the simplest closed structures.

In a centrifugal pump, the impeller is connected to the motor shaft and enclosed in a casing in the form of a volute. Suction and pressure pipelines are attached to the intake and discharge openings of the housing. When the impeller rotates, the water filling the pump is pumped from the housing into the pressure pipeline and supplied to the reservoir or to the consumer. During the rotation of the impeller, a vacuum is created in the suction pipe of the pump, due to which water continuously flows into the pipeline.

Centrifugal pumps can only work if the impeller and suction pipe are filled with water. Therefore, in order to keep the water inside the pump when it stops, a receiving device with a check valve is mounted at the end of the suction pipe. If the pump is started for the first time, then water is first poured into its housing.

In subsidiary farms, various small-sized centrifugal electric pumps are used. In most cases, these are domestic products, although today you can find high-end pumps offered by Western companies.

Pump housings must be grounded. To do this, they are supplied with a three-core cord and an electrical connector with a grounding contact.

From domestic centrifugal pumps, we single out household centrifugal monoblock submersible electric pump TsMVB-1,6-15. It is designed to supply water from open reservoirs, cisterns, tanks, wells and wells with a diameter of more than 100 mm. Due to the double insulation of the electric motor, this pump works almost flawlessly.

Self-priming centrifugal vortex pumps 1STsV-1,5M, VS-1,8 / 18, "Oasis-1" are used only for supplying clean water from wells, wells and open reservoirs. Self-priming is ensured by the fact that the suction (diameter 25 mm) and discharge (diameter 19 mm) nozzles are located above the axis of the pump, so its working cavity is always filled with water. To start the pump in operation after stopping, it is not necessary to fill it with water.

The principle of operation of volumetric inertial pumps is based on the use of vibrations transmitted to the fin valve. Electromagnetic (vibration) pumps do not have rubbing surfaces, rotating parts and do not require lubrication. These include the well-known pumps "Malysh" (Fig. 44), "Malyutka", "Rodnichok", "Strumok", "Rioni", NEB-1/20.

Electromagnetic domestic pump "Malysh" is designed to lift fresh water from wells and tubular wells with an inner diameter of more than 100 mm from a depth of up to 40 m. The temperature of the pumped water should not exceed 35 ° C. During operation, the pump must be completely immersed in water, without touching the walls and bottom of the well.

The NEB-1/20 pump can be used to lift water from wells with a diameter of at least 200 mm, as well as from any natural and artificial reservoirs.

Structurally, any electric pump consists of two parts: a motor powered by the mains, and the pump itself. According to the principle of operation, two types of pumps are distinguished: centrifugal ("Kama", "Agidel", "Ural") and vibration ("Kid", "Strumok", "Rodnichok"). The mechanism of a centrifugal pump (Fig. 95) consists of an impeller with blades, a suction pipe and a receiving device with a check valve.

Rice. 95. Electric pump of centrifugal type "Kama": 1 - stand; 2 - body base; 3 - gasket; 4 - jamming device; 5 - electric motor; 6 - pump cover; 7 - stuffing box; 8 - impeller; 9 - receiving device.

Water intake from an aquifer, well or reservoir and its transportation to the place of consumption are carried out as follows: when the impeller rotates, a vacuum is formed in the suction pipe, due to which water continuously enters the suction pipeline and, under the influence of centrifugal force, is ejected from the pump housing into the pressure pipeline , through which it enters the tank or for distribution. A prerequisite for the operation of centrifugal pumps is the presence of water in the impeller and suction pipeline before connecting it to the network. To retain water in these parts while the pump is idle, a receiving device is provided, equipped with a filter and a check valve. When installing the pump, it must be ensured that the receiving device is located strictly vertically, since the check valve closes under its own weight. Before putting the pump into operation for the first time or after repair, water must first be poured into its housing.

In order to protect the electric motor from moisture ingress, the shaft leaving the pump for the electric motor nozzle is sealed with an oil seal, which consists of two rubber cuffs and an insert between them; the gland is attached with two washers and a tightening nut.

To maximize the efficiency of a centrifugal pump, the gap between the protrusions of the impeller and the bores in the cover and pump housing should not exceed 0,15 mm. Productivity of centrifugal pumps - up to 1,5 m3/h; they are designed for a pressure of 17 m, the maximum suction height is up to 7 m. The action of vibration-type pumps is based on the use of electromagnetic oscillations: under the influence of the frequency of the current, the electromagnet creates oscillations transmitted to the float valve, the membrane of which begins to vibrate, capturing water from the aquifer and pushing it through the pipeline. The design of the valve prevents the reverse flow of water.

During operation, the vibration type pump must be completely submerged in water (Fig. 96).

Rice. 96. Installation of a vibration-type electric pump: a - in the well casing; b - in the well; 1 - pump; 2 - ring; 3 - a bundle of wire with a hose; 4 - nylon suspension; 5 - spring suspension; 6 - wire; 7 - hose.

Operating parameters of vibration-type electric pumps: power - up to 300 W, head - up to 40 m, maximum suction height - up to 40 m, productivity - from 0,5 to 1,5 m3 / h (depending on the brand), continuous operation time - 2 hours (after which a break is arranged for 15-20 minutes).

Author: Korshevr N.G.

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