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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Household electrical appliances. Washing machines. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Household Appliances By and large, in everyday life you can do without washing machine: linen can be washed by hand, for example, or use the laundry service. But for many, this prospect does not seem rosy, so a washing machine is an indispensable attribute of almost every apartment or house. Depending on the degree of automation of the washing process, all washing machines are divided into four types: CM - washing machine without spin; CMP - washing machine with manual spin; SMP - a semi-automatic washing machine in which washing, rinsing, spinning, pumping out water are mechanized, some models also include automatic devices for regulating the washing and spinning times; SMA is an automatic washing machine, in which the processes of water supply, washing, rinsing, water pumping and spinning are not only mechanized, but also automated. A washing machine without spinning has the simplest device (Fig. 88).
Machines of the SM type ("Malyutka", "Fairy", "Alesya", etc.) belong to the class of small-sized ones. Machines of this type are installed on a special stand, put on the sides of the bath. Such machines are simple both in design and in operation. They are equipped with a reversible cyclic time relay, which ensures the operation of the machine in the following cycle: operating period of rotation of the electric motor in one direction (50 s) - pause (10 s) - operating period of rotation of the electric motor in the opposite direction (50 s) - pause (10 s) . The relay allows you to adjust the washing time in the range of 1-6 minutes. The motor is protected by a thermal relay; it stops the motor when the machine is overloaded or the activator is jammed. The device of the CMP type washing machine (Fig. 89) is similar to the device of the CM type machine.
The design and principle of operation of the CMP are as follows. The upper 2/3 of the body is occupied by a washing tank, in which a disk activator is installed on the shaft, which sets the water in rotational motion. At the other end of the shaft holding the activator, there is a centrifugal pump, which, if necessary, pumps out water from the tank; The shaft is driven by an electric motor through a belt drive. The electric motor is mounted on an inclined frame in such a way that it can be moved along it by adjusting the tension of the drive belt. The electric motor of the washing machine is connected to the network using a cord with a plug, and turned on by pressing the start relay, which stops the electric motor after a certain period of time. For ease of transportation, the machine is equipped with carrying handles and rollers for rolling, and in order for it to remain stable during the spin cycle, it is held by the foot by the bracket. The manual wringer is mounted on the machine body from above. It consists of two rollers with a rubber coating, pressed against each other by a flat spring. The rollers are set in motion with the help of a handle. The dimensions of the washing tub and the motor power (350 W) are designed for the simultaneous loading of up to 1,5 kg of dry laundry. The device of semi-automatic machines of the SMP type (Fig. 90) is somewhat more complicated, since they have a higher level of mechanization of the processes of washing, squeezing and pumping out water.
Structurally, the semi-automatic washing machine is divided into two units: washing and spinning. The washing unit consists of a washing tank with a tray, an activator (paddle disk), which is fixed on the side wall of the washing tank; an activator drive with an electric motor is installed on the pallet. The rotational movements of the activator are transmitted from the electric motor through a belt drive. The centrifuge tank includes the centrifuge tank, to the bottom of which the centrifuge drive electric motor is suspended on shock absorbers, the centrifuge itself, fixed on the motor shaft, and the pump installed on the bottom shield of the electric motor. The nodes are interconnected by a system of branch pipes with a valve. To control the washing and spinning processes, three handles are installed on the top cover of the housing: washing and spinning control handles, which are equipped with clock mechanisms (time relays) that automatically turn off the corresponding electric motors after a certain time, and a washing mode setting knob. The total power of electric motors is 500-600 watts. The activator engine develops a rotation speed from 600 to 1500 rpm.; centrifuge speed - up to 3000 rpm. If during operation it becomes necessary to dismantle the electric motors (for repair work), then they can be connected again, guided by the diagram shown in Fig. 91.
Due to the special design of the activator blades, when it rotates clockwise or counterclockwise, a solution flow of different power (different degree of activation) is created in the washing tub. Therefore, the SMP provides two washing modes: - hard (I) - a more intense solution flow created by counterclockwise rotation of the activator; - gentle (II) - less intense solution flow created by clockwise rotation of the activator. The maximum one-time load depends on the brand of the machine and reaches 3 kg of dry laundry with hard and 2 kg of dry laundry with gentle washing. The most advanced household washing machines today are CMA machines. Domestic automatic machines provide up to 12 programs that allow you to automate the processes of filling and pumping out water, heating it to a predetermined temperature, soaking laundry, and introducing the right amount of detergent. Such machines independently (in accordance with a given program) wash, rinse and wring out linen. According to the existing rules for connecting automatic washing machines to the electrical network and the water supply system, it is necessary to obtain permission from the electricity supply and utilities. As a rule, the more operations a particular washing machine can perform, the more complex its device and, accordingly, the more difficult it is to repair it. But there are a number of problems that are standard for machines of all types, which a home master can handle. If the electric motor (motors) does not work when the time relay is turned on, then there may be no voltage in the network or the socket outlet is faulty (you need to check with an indicator screwdriver or by plugging a known-good electrical appliance into the same socket); or maybe there are problems with the power cord (you need to ring the cord with a tester - there may be a break in the core); possible malfunctions in the time relay itself (it should be replaced). If, when the relay is turned on to the "Wash" position, the electric motor hums, but the activator does not rotate, then the position of the "Mode" knob is most likely not fixed. To eliminate this malfunction, turn off the washing relay, set the "Mode" knob strictly to the required number and start the electric motor again. If during the washing process in the centrifuge tank the level of foam of the solution reaches the bottom of the centrifuge itself, then it will not gain momentum. To eliminate such a malfunction, it is necessary to remove the centrifuge neck insert, unscrew the fastening nut (turn counterclockwise), remove the washer and the centrifuge itself and remove the pin from the shaft hole. After that, you need to pump out the water from the centrifuge tank to the washing tank, remove the foam and install all the removed parts in place (in reverse order). Attention! Before disassembling and assembling, be sure to disconnect the machine from the mains. A clogged valve may be to blame for the solution flowing from the washing tub into the centrifuge tub. It should be washed, for which 4-5 liters of hot water are poured into both tanks and the spin relay is turned on for 2-3 minutes. If it is not possible to eliminate the overflow by flushing the valve, then most likely the valve membrane has become inverted. To restore the normal operation of the pump, it is necessary to remove water from the machine, disconnect it from the electrical network, disassemble the valve and install the membrane in the correct position. If there are signs of leakage of the solution from the machine, it is necessary to establish its cause: if the connections of hoses and pipes are leaking, then to eliminate the leak, it is enough to tighten the clamps at the joints; if the cause of the leak is a leaky hose, it should be replaced with a new one. If a leak occurs due to a breach in the tightness of the diaphragm located under the bottom of the centrifuge tank, then in most cases it is impossible to fix such a problem on your own, so it is best to call the master. Some vibration when starting and stopping the centrifuge is not a malfunction, it is quite normal. Like any other electrical appliance, a washing machine needs to follow the rules of operation, namely: - it is permissible to store and operate the washing machine in rooms with an ambient temperature of at least 5 °C; - do not overload the machine beyond the norm; - it is recommended to put laundry in the washing tub with a rotating activator; - it is not allowed to operate the machine for a long time without water, since this significantly reduces the service life of the sealing cuffs of the machine components (the activator unit, the pump, and the diaphragm of the centrifuge tank); - the electrical equipment of the machine should be protected from the penetration of soapy water, water; - after using the machine, its tank (or tanks) should be rinsed with clean hot water to remove detergent residues and thoroughly wiped dry; - in order to avoid jamming of the washing and spinning units, it is recommended to lubricate the bearings of the electric motors once every 2-3 months. Before buying a car, you need to choose a place for it. We usually have a bathroom, kitchen or corridor. The bathroom is not suitable due to constant humidity. Penetrating into the body of the machine, steam spoils its mechanical and electrical parts. In the kitchen, in close proximity to food, the washing machine becomes an inexhaustible source of harmful chemicals. The corridor is removed from communications - water supply and sewerage. As a rule, the range of washing machines from each manufacturer includes three main dimensional types: standard, narrow and small. A standard washing machine is considered to be 85 cm high, 60 wide and 58 cm deep. They are installed in large rooms, 3-5 cm from the wall. Narrow machines with a depth of about 32 cm are suitable for installing a washing machine in a kitchen or in a corridor. Small-sized machines 67x50x40 will fit into small rooms. They are easy to install under the sink, which also reliably covers the car from water. The maximum loading of the drum is determined taking into account the composition of the family. For single people and small families, compact washing machines with a maximum load of 3 kg are suitable (Austrian Evronova, Swedish Electrolux, Italian Candy); a family of 4-6 people - 5 kg; family of 7 people or more - 6-7 kg (ARDO, Merloni (brands Ariston, Indesit), BEKO, Bosch / Siemens, Candy, Electrolux (brands AEG, Electrolux, Zanussi), Euronova, Kaiser, LG, Samsung, Maytag, Otsein). Today, the most popular drum-type machines are standard size front-loading. According to experts, such machines are more reliable than narrow and compact ones. The explanation for this is simple: in order to reduce the size of the unit, the model developers have to reduce the number of parts, shorten the connections, etc. All this affects the quality of the wash and the reliability of the machine, i.e., the most important parameters for the consumer. The quality class is indicated in the instructions. Marking A and B have washing machines with the best performance; C, D and E - with medium; F, G - with low. What does this mean in practice? Almost all machines wash the same way, that is, they provide normal washing quality. There is a small group of washing machines whose washing class is higher than "the same". These are Miele and Electrolux washing machines. To purchase the products of these manufacturers, you must have at least 1 thousand US dollars. All other machines differ from each other only in programs. The washing machine consists of a tank, an engine and a program device that sets the washing modes. All this equipment is not that expensive, in fact the buyer pays for the brand of the company that assembled the car and the design. Washing depends on the selected cycle and the level of exposure to the detergent. For example, if you wash a cotton garment using the "wool" program, the washing quality will be reduced by almost half. Different results are also obtained by washing clothes of the same soiling, but using different washing powders. What is the reliability index of washing machines? First of all, you need to pay attention to where the car is assembled. According to most experts, the average Italian-assembled car lasts 5-8 years, German - 10-15 Korean - at least 5 years, Chinese - 3-5. The record holders for the duration of impeccable service are machines of Austrian and Swedish assembly - they can last from 15 to 20 years. To assess the reliability, such a parameter as the type of assembly is important - manual (including tightening of individual bolts and nuts) or automatic. At the factories of the Turkish company BEKO, assembly is carried out automatically from start to finish, which significantly reduces the cost, but also reduces the life of the machine. At the factories of ASKO and Bosch, the assembly is brought to condition (tighten or loosen fasteners, etc.) manually. Austrian Evronova machines are assembled by two-thirds by hand. However, manual assembly does not improve the quality of washing at all. Until recently, it was believed that the more washing programs are included in the machine, the better and more prestigious it is. Now the estimates have changed and the opposite trend is observed: in the models of new generation machines there are only 3-4 washing programs (for different types of linen - linen and cotton, synthetics, wool and silk). By selecting one of the programs on the control panel, the consumer sets the temperature, spin speed and number of rinses, and the machine's electronic brain ensures that the settings correspond to the type of fabric. In the event of an error, the machine makes the necessary adjustments. Recently, manufacturers of washing machines are abandoning the use of rotary mechanical controls and replacing them with buttons. This increases the life of the machine as it reduces the number of moving parts and mechanical components. Today, the Fuzzy logic electronic system (sometimes called Fuzzy control or Dialogic) is popular. If this system is installed in the machine, then the washing will use exactly the amount of water that is needed for a given portion of the laundry. The system will measure the temperature of the incoming water, based on this, calculate the duration of the wash, taking into account the time it takes to heat the water to the desired temperature. Weaknesses of any washing machines cannot be ignored. So, the main danger for the electronic filling of washing machines in Russia is the voltage in the network; it jumps within a fairly wide range - 150-280 volts, which negatively affects the electronic programming system: the machine starts to fail ("forgets" to wring out or rinse the laundry, etc.) and breaks down. To avoid premature breakdown, you should connect the washing machine to the network through a stabilizer or Pilot system. The second problem with good washing machines is tap water. Our water is too hard by European standards. For this reason, the heating element usually breaks first in the washing machine, as scale forms on it. So along with the detergent to soften the water, special preparations must be poured into the machine. Many washing machines can be connected to hot and cold water pipes at the same time, which allows you to keep the heating element, reduce washing time and save energy. It is clear that this requires an uninterrupted supply of hot water all year round, which we do not have. In addition, the quality of hot water is very poor, so it is advisable to connect it through a filter, the cost and installation of which, alas, will exceed the savings in all other respects for many years. There is an opinion among consumers that Western water supply standards for high-quality washing in our conditions are insufficient. This opinion is not justified. Experts in this case are unanimous: it makes no sense to reprogram the amount of water supplied to the tank. Increasing the amount of water leads to faster wear of the thermostat and an increase in the duration of the wash. Due to the quality of the water, bubble washing machines, which are designed exclusively for soft water, do not take root in our country. The optimal speed of rotation of the drum when squeezing the washed laundry is 600-1000 rpm. In this mode, the fabric wears out less. Keep in mind that different types of fabrics require different spin speeds. All modern machines are equipped with a function that allows you to adjust the number of revolutions. Washing machines with built-in dryers are now offered by almost all manufacturers. When using them, there is no need to hang clothes on the balcony or elsewhere. In addition, if there is a need for an urgent wash, then after no more than three hours the washed item can be used. The presence of a dryer in the machine does not cancel the ironing process. Washed things are recommended to be slightly dried out and ironed immediately. Drying in the machine leads to faster wear of the laundry. The fibers of the fabric are heated unevenly, in some places the thing dries out and the fabric becomes thinner. But this circumstance does not affect the popularity of washing machines with a dryer - we have about 11% of demand for them. In the West, this figure is higher - 20%. In addition, you can buy a separate dryer, such as Bosch TWL 5400. This product costs like a new washing machine - about $ 600. Author: Korshevr N.G.
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