Practical application of operational amplifiers. Part three. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Beginner radio amateur
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We continue our review of the possible nodes of electronic equipment that can be created from operational amplifiers.
multivibrator
Here is such a thing that will generate rectangular pulses with a frequency that can be calculated by the formula (or rather, we calculate the period, and the frequency, as you know, is the inverse of the period):
Bistable multivibrator
A bistable multivibrator has two stable states, which are characterized by different voltages at its output. These same states are switched by input pulses of different polarity.
A pulse of negative polarity leads to the appearance of a supply voltage at the output of the multivibrator, a pulse of positive polarity leads to the appearance of zero voltage at the output.
It's about as shown in the picture.
The magnitude of the pulse required to switch the multivibrator can be estimated from the formula:
Where V0 is the supply voltage.
Comparator
Very, very useful thing in the household.
The comparator compares two voltages applied to its inputs. One of the voltages is called the reference (reference voltage) - the second voltage is compared with it. If the measured voltage is lower than the reference voltage, the supply voltage lives peacefully at the output of the comparator, but if the measured voltage exceeds the reference voltage, then the comparator output is reset to zero.
In this case, we form a reference voltage using a resistive divider R1-R2 and apply it to a non-inverting input. The measured voltage is applied to the inverting input.
Schmidt trigger
While useful, the above comparator circuit has a significant drawback - any noise induced into the input circuit can cause the comparator to switch. To avoid such a nuisance, you can use a comparator on a Schmidt trigger.
This device was invented by the American scientist Otto Schmitt. Therefore, by the way, writing "Schmitt trigger" and not "Schmidt trigger" will not be wrong - you can write this way and that.
Let's return, however, to the scheme.
As you can see, it is almost a complete analogue of a conventional comparator, with the exception of one - positive feedback through the resistor R3. This thing forms the so-called hysteresis - that is, the delay in turning on and off the comparator. Rather, it slightly increases the on threshold and slightly reduces the off threshold. Thus, we can provide a higher noise immunity of the circuit.
Publication: radiokot.ru
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