Solar heating system. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Solar water heating installations. Solar heating system. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Based on the use of solar installations, the problems of heating, cooling and hot water supply of residential, administrative buildings, industrial and agricultural facilities can be solved. Solar plants are classified as follows:

by appointment: hot water supply systems; heating systems; combined installations for the purposes of heat and cold supply;
by type of coolant used: liquid; air;
by duration of work: year-round; seasonal;
according to the technical solution of the scheme: single-circuit; double-circuit; multi-loop.

The most commonly used heat transfer media in solar heating systems are liquids (water, ethylene glycol solution, organic matter) and air. Each of them has certain advantages and disadvantages. The air does not freeze, does not create big problems associated with leaks and equipment corrosion. However, due to the low density and heat capacity of air, the size of air installations, the power consumption for pumping the coolant is higher than that of liquid systems. Therefore, in most operating solar heating systems, liquids are preferred. For housing and communal needs, the main coolant is water.

When solar collectors operate during periods with negative outdoor temperatures, it is necessary either to use antifreeze as a coolant, or to avoid freezing of the coolant in some way (for example, by timely draining water, heating it, insulating the solar collector).

Solar hot water plants of year-round operation with a backup heat source can be equipped with rural-type houses, multi-storey and apartment buildings, sanatoriums, hospitals and other facilities. Seasonal installations, such as, for example, shower installations for pioneer camps, boarding houses, mobile installations for geologists, builders, shepherds, usually operate in the summer and transitional months of the year, during periods with a positive outside temperature. They may or may not have a backup heat source, depending on the type of facility and operating conditions.

The cost of hot water solar installations can be from 5 to 15% of the cost of the object and depends on climatic conditions, the cost of equipment and the degree of its development.

In solar systems designed for heating systems, both liquids and air are used as heat carriers. In multi-circuit solar systems, different heat carriers can be used in different circuits (for example, water in a solar circuit, air in a distribution circuit). In our country, water solar installations for heat supply are predominantly used.

The surface area of solar collectors required for heating systems is typically 3-5 times the surface area of collectors for hot water systems, so the utilization rate of these systems is lower, especially in summer. The cost of installation for a heating system can be 15-35% of the cost of the object.

Combined systems can include year-round installations for heating and hot water supply, as well as installations operating in the mode of a heat pump and a heat pipe for heating and cooling purposes. These systems are not yet widely used in industry.

The flux density of solar radiation coming to the surface of the collector largely determines the heat engineering and technical and economic performance of solar heat supply systems.

The flux density of solar radiation varies during the day and throughout the year. This is one of the characteristic features of systems using solar energy, and when carrying out specific engineering calculations for solar installations, the question of choosing the calculated value of E is decisive.

As a design scheme for a solar heat supply system, consider the scheme shown in Fig. 3.3, which makes it possible to take into account the features of the operation of various systems. The solar collector 1 converts the energy of solar radiation into heat, which is transferred to the storage tank 2 through the heat exchanger 3. The heat exchanger can be located in the storage tank itself. The circulation of the coolant is provided by a pump. The heated coolant enters the hot water and heating systems. In the event of a lack or absence of solar radiation, a backup source of heat for hot water supply or heating is included in the work 5.

Solar water heating installations. Solar heating system
Fig.3.3. Scheme of the solar heating system: 1 - solar collectors; 2 - hot water storage tank; 3 - heat exchanger; 4 - building with floor heating; 5 - doubler (source of additional energy); 6 - passive solar system; 7 - pebble battery; 8 - shutters; 9 - fan; 10 - flow of warm air into the building; 11- supply of recirculated air from the building

The solar heating system uses solar collectors of a new generation "Rainbow" of NPP "Competitor" with improved thermal performance due to the use of a selective coating on a heat-absorbing stainless steel panel and a translucent coating of extra strong glass with high optical characteristics.

The system uses as a heat carrier: water at positive temperatures or antifreeze during the heating period (solar circuit), water (second floor heating circuit) and air (third air solar heating circuit).

An electric boiler was used as a backup source.

Increasing the efficiency of solar supply systems can be achieved through the use of various methods of thermal energy storage, the rational combination of solar systems with thermal boilers and heat pump installations, a combination of active and passive systems, the development of effective means and methods of automatic control.

The widespread introduction of SC-based solar systems for seasonal hot water supply and passive solar systems with seasonal heat storage for heating will drastically reduce fossil fuel consumption in energy-deficient areas, thereby preventing the release of tens of thousands of tons of carbon dioxide and improve the environmental ecology.

Author: Magomedov A.M.

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