Vortex tubes. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Vortex tubes. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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The operation of the vortex tube is based on the so-called. Ranck-Hilsch effect (1933). The vortex tube is a gas-dynamic device with a tangential gas inlet, fig. 2.3.1.

Vortex tubes
Fig.2.3.1. Diagram of a vortex tube.

As is known, in swirling viscous gas flows, in the presence of a transverse velocity gradient, the current surfaces interact with each other due to the presence of tangential viscous forces. The work expended to overcome these forces is converted into heat. In this case, different jets can have different reserves of total energy

The presence of a temperature gradient in the flow determines the heat exchange between the gas layers. However, a large contribution to the redistribution of total energy belongs to the turbulent transfer mechanism.

The vortex tube consists of a body made in the form of a cylindrical or diffuser tube with a diameter of the initial section and length , tangentially located in relation to the body of the inlet nozzles with a passage area , diaphragms with hole diameter , located near the nozzle inlet, and a conical control valve at the end of the housing opposite from the diaphragm.

The intensity of the energy separation of gases in a vortex tube is usually estimated from the dependence of the excess gas temperatures и from the share of the cooled stream . In this case,

where - stagnation temperature at the entrance to the vortex tube, at the outlet of the cooled and hot flows, respectively;

и - mass flow rates of the initial and cooled gas flows, respectively.

Vortex tubes
Fig.2.3.2. The temperature of the gas at the outlet of the VT.

Typical experimental dependences of quantities и from the relative flow rate of the cold flow are shown in Figure 2.3.2.(195).

Usually each pair of curves correspond to certain conditions for conducting experiments: the ratio of gas pressures at the inlet to the vortex tube and the outlet of the cooled flow from the diaphragm , gas temperature at the entrance to the vortex tube , dimensionless area of inlet nozzles and more

The effect of energy separation of gas is inextricably linked with the rearrangement of the damped vortex turbulent motion and occurs in a rather extended flow region extending from the nozzle inlet to a distance of one to several tens of vortex tube diameters. If the region is long, the phenomena occurring in it will not be determined by the detailed structure of the flow at the entrance to the vortex tube and should depend on the variables characterizing the flow as a whole. those. from integral values, such as the mass flow rate of the gas entering the pipe , momentum flux in the direction of the pipe axis , the energy flow and the mass flow rate of the cold gas taken through the aperture of the diaphragm . To these integral characteristics, it is necessary to add a characteristic dimension - the diameter of the pipe .

It should be noted that the gas flow in the vortex tube is a developed turbulent flow. It can be assumed that the turbulence excited by the jets flowing from the inlet nozzles of the vortex tube has a high level exceeding the level of turbulence generated in the boundary layer on the tube walls in the entire energy separation region.

The working value of the pressure at the entrance to the vortex tube can vary within wide limits; according to the available data, the vortex tube works stably at a total inlet pressure of 0,5-0,7 MPa; experiments are known with the passage of gas with a pressure of up to 25 MPa through the VT. The temperature of the warm and cold streams depends on the initial gas temperature at the inlet; the figure gives an idea of the temperature difference in the flows; this difference usually persists. The energy losses in the WT are associated with the friction of the high-speed gas flow against the walls.

Thus, the vortex tube is a very convenient tool for obtaining high-temperature (+60, +800С) and low-temperature (-20, -400С) gas flows, which can be used for heating and refrigeration purposes.

At present, vortex technology is widely introduced into industry: vortex control valves in rocket engine thrust control systems, vortex coolers, vortex cleaning systems, gas dehydration in the gas industry, vortex gas treatment systems for the needs of pneumatic and gas automation.

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