Photovoltaic systems connected to the grid. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Photovoltaic systems connected to the grid. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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In a centralized power supply environment, a grid-connected photovoltaic system can provide part of the required load, while the other part comes from the grid. In this case, the battery is not used. Thousands of homeowners around the world use such systems. They are satisfied that thanks to the photovoltaic system, the amount of energy purchased from the grid is reduced, the system does not consume fuel and does not emit harmful substances.

Photovoltaic systems connected to the grid

The owner of a grid-connected photovoltaic system buys and sells electricity on a monthly basis. Photovoltaic energy is either used locally or fed into the grid. When the owner of the system needs more electricity than it generates - for example, in the evening, then the increased demand is automatically satisfied by the network. When the system generates more electricity than the household can consume, the surplus is sent (sold) to the grid. Thus, the utility network acts as a reserve for a photovoltaic system, like a battery for an off-grid installation. At the end of the month, the credit for the sold electricity is deducted from the bill for the consumed energy. In some countries, utility grids are required to purchase electricity from PV owners or other independent producers.

A utility-compatible, approved inverter converts the PV module's DC current into AC that matches the voltage and frequency of the utility grid. It must meet quality and safety requirements. Inverter emergency switches automatically disconnect the photovoltaic system from the grid if there is any failure in it. This precaution protects maintenance personnel from electrical shock resulting from contact with a seemingly non-working line connecting the grid to the photovoltaic system.

In some countries, energy companies are creating special tariff schemes designed to increase the profitability of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. At the current price level, if you divide the cost of installing such a system and connecting it to the grid by the amount of electricity it will generate in 30 years, solar electricity is usually more expensive than on the grid. Some utilities raise the price of their energy at certain hours of the day. In some US states, the most expensive electricity under this hourly pattern (peak tariffs) costs nearly as much as PV energy. The more closely the solar module's power generation matches the timing of peak rates, the more effective the solar system will be in reducing electricity bills.

The number of such networked systems is on the rise, especially in the US and Europe. One such project began its work in California. Solar cells are built into the roofs of twelve houses in Compton. Solar roof tiles are an integral and aesthetically pleasing part of building design. The solar roofs are connected to the local power grid, and the electricity meters of these houses "reverse" when the photovoltaic cells generate excess energy.

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