Resources of wind energy. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Resources of wind energy. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Winds are currents of atmospheric air generated by uneven heating of the Earth's surface by solar radiation. Wind energy has been used by man since time immemorial in the sailing fleet and windmills. For more than 500 years, wind turbines have been pumping water out of polders in Holland - bunded land areas lying below sea level. Multi-blade windmills in the United States were widely used to pump water from wells; in the 30s there were more than 6 million of them.

In 1890, for the first time in Denmark, wind turbines (wind turbines) were used to generate electricity. In the 20s and 30s, wind turbines developed by the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) became widespread in the USSR to supply power to consumers remote from power grids. They were used to charge batteries, which were then used to light and power radio equipment.

Nowadays in Western Europe there is a boom in the development of wind energy. In Denmark, electricity generation at wind farms reaches 12% of the total generation, in the Netherlands, the northern lands of Germany - 10%. Over the past two decades, 7 generations of wind turbines have changed here, the unit capacity of wind turbines has reached 4,5 MW, the diameter of the wind wheel of the most powerful wind farm is 112 m. In the United States, thousands of wind turbines with a total capacity of about 2002 GW are installed in California east of San Francisco. The cost of energy generated by wind turbines has come close to the cost of traditional power plants. Wind energy receives state support in the form of soft loans, taxes, and tariffs. The development of wind turbines includes high-tech science-intensive transnational corporations - General Electric, Boeing, Westinghouse. Over the past 37 years, over 1 thousand wind turbines have been built in the world. The total capacity of the world's wind farms in 15 amounted to 100 GW, of which 2001% is in Europe. Cooperatives of small proprietors (farmers) are gaining popularity, which, using government loans, build wind farms and supply electricity to the energy system.

The production of electricity at wind turbines directly depends on the strength of the wind. They operate effectively at wind speeds of 5 to 25 m/s (between 3 and 9 on the Beaufort scale). In calm weather and with weak winds, during strong storms, the underproduction of energy should be compensated by the reserve capacities of traditional power plants. Based on long-term meteorological observations, regions with stable and fairly strong winds are selected for the construction of wind turbines. The strength of the wind increases with height, so wind turbines are placed on high towers. The German wind turbine "Grovian-1" with a capacity of 3 MW, built on the coast of the North Sea, has a rotor diameter of 100 m, a tower height of 100 m.

European wind farms are located mainly on the coast of the Baltic, North Seas and the Atlantic Ocean. Marine (coastal) wind turbines are popular - when installed at a distance from the coast, the problems of alienating land for construction are removed, and noise loads are reduced. In the Öresund Strait between Denmark and Sweden, 20 plants with a unit capacity of 2 MW are being built. The cost of electricity produced at European wind farms has decreased over 20 years from 38 cents to 5.6 cents per kilowatt-hour (the average cost at US thermal and nuclear power plants at the beginning of the 1st century was about 4,5 cents).

In the North-Western region of the Russian Federation, zones of stable and sufficiently strong winds are located on the coast of the Baltic, Barents and White Seas. The first modern wind turbine with a capacity of 225 kW, donated by the Danish government, was installed near Kaliningrad. An agreement was signed on the construction of a sea-based WPP in the Kaliningrad region with a total capacity of 50 MW, the design cost of the station is $50 million. Windmills will be installed 500 meters from the coast. Single wind turbines were built in other subjects of the federation of the North-West region. A project for the construction of a wind farm on the Kola Peninsula is being developed. In the energy-poor Far East region, where energy supply is still almost entirely dependent on the arrival of tankers with expensive fuel oil, it is advisable to build a wind farm off the coast of the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Bering Sea. Wind turbines can be used to mechanize the rise of water in distant pastures on arid lands, to desalinate salt water, and to improve land. WPP energy can be stored by hydrogen production by electrolysis of water.

Objections to the development of wind energy are given. It is believed that windmills and power lines spoil the landscape. At a distance of up to a kilometer, noise is heard, infrasonic vibrations are possible, interference with television is possible. Therefore, in Western Europe, wind farms are increasingly being built in shallow water, at some distance from the seashore. Birds can suffer from wind turbine blades. It is up to wind turbine customers to judge how serious these concerns are.

Author: Labeish V.G.

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