Wind power. wind properties. Scheme, description

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Wind power. wind properties. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Wind is the directional movement of air masses. Wind energy can be considered as one of the manifestations of solar energy, because the Sun is the primary source that affects the weather on Earth. Wind is caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the Sun. The water surface and areas covered by clouds heat up much more slowly; accordingly, the surface of the earth accessible to solar radiation heats up faster. The air above the heated surface heats up and rises, creating areas of low pressure. Air from areas of high pressure moves towards areas of low pressure, thereby creating wind.

The wind changes over time. In most regions, significant seasonal changes in wind flows are observed. Moreover, in the winter months, the wind speed is usually higher than in summer. Daily changes in wind speed are observed, as a rule, near the seas and large lakes. In the morning, the sun heats the ground faster than the water, so the wind blows towards the coast. In the evening, the land cools faster than the water, so the wind blows from the coast.

The wind speed depends on the height above ground level. Close to the ground, the wind slows down due to friction against the earth's surface. Thus, the winds are stronger at higher altitudes relative to the ground. For agricultural fields and desert areas, with a doubling of the height above the ground, an increase in wind speed of approximately 12% is observed.

The wind speed is greatly influenced by geographical conditions and the nature of the earth's surface, including various natural and artificial obstacles such as hills, etc., as well as trees and buildings. For this reason, wind turbines are located, if possible, on elevated and remote places from tall trees, residential buildings and other structures, because. such obstructions reduce the wind speed and lead to flow eddies that make it difficult to convert wind energy.

The average annual wind speed (VG) characterizes the wind potential of the territory. This is the wind speed, which is defined as the arithmetic mean of all observed wind speeds during the year. Average wind speeds can also be calculated for other periods, for example: monthly, daily, hourly.

The energy contained in the wind is in the cubic dependence on the magnitude of the wind speed. Doubling the wind speed gives an 8 times increase in energy. Thus, an average wind speed of 5 m/s can provide about 2 times more energy than a wind with an average speed of 4 m/s.

Wind characteristics are measured at weather stations. Based on the data of long-term observations of wind speeds in various regions of Russia, specialized wind maps are compiled.

Authors: Kargiev V.M., Martirosov S.N. and etc.

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