The efficiency of heat pumps. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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The efficiency of heat pumps. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Potential resources of renewable energy sources make up a significant share of human energy needs. Global consumption of these sources today is only a tiny fraction. This is primarily due to the fact that, due to the low concentration of renewable energy sources and their uneven distribution over the Earth's surface, the unit costs per unit of power and the cost of energy with modern technologies are very high and cannot compete with traditional energy sources.

The use of low-potential energy sources for the purposes of heat supply is a direction of energy.

Promising power plants using low-potential energy are heat pumps, including companies with other low-temperature energy converters - solar panels, windmills, etc.

The introduction of heat pumps makes it possible to reduce fuel consumption per unit of generated heat by 20 to 50% compared to boiler houses, or to provide 3-4 times energy savings compared to direct electricity supply. Energy sources for HPP are "directly" at the consumers, which reduces transmission losses and reduces the cost of maintaining and building heating mains, etc. The time of possible operation of the HPI coincides with the time of the consumer's need for energy.

Most of the projects considered in this paper have been developed and are being implemented abroad, while in our country everything was limited to a few demonstration projects and proposals, for the most part based on practically the only HPP ATNU-10 manufactured by Ecomash (Saratov). It is absolutely necessary to develop work in this direction in order to create designs for a different range of modern HPI for various purposes.

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Space satellite will help in the fight against drought 13.10.2014

In January 2015, NASA plans to launch the SMAP (The Soil Moisture Active-Passive) satellite, with which it will be possible to monitor soil moisture over large areas and in various parts of the planet. This information, according to the developers, will be unprecedentedly accurate and detailed. In addition, changes in the state of the soil can be observed literally in real time - the satellite will update information at least once every two to three days.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this project for various services, and above all for agriculture, which suffers significant losses due to the lack of information about the real state of the soil and the inability to predict changes in its moisture content. Traditional methods of estimating soil moisture using sensors, based on point measurements in individual areas, are laborious and expensive. In addition, they do not provide sufficient measurement accuracy, and when extrapolating their readings to large areas, one has to deal with noticeable errors.

The satellite will be launched into a circumpolar sun-synchronous orbit 680 km above the Earth's surface. This location of the satellite makes it possible to conduct regular observations of the soil in almost all regions of the earth's surface. The high-precision microwave control devices installed on board the satellite - a radar and a radiometer operating in the L-band - allow continuous scanning of the upper soil layers to a depth of about 5 cm and with a resolution of about 50 km.

With the help of SMAP, we will get a global picture of the current state of soil moisture in various parts of the globe (and especially in agricultural areas, especially those prone to periodic droughts) and will be able to make reliable forecasts regarding floods and droughts. Dr. Narendra Das, head of NASA's SMAP Science Team, said, "Rainfed crop farmers will know soil moisture levels and be able to plan plantings while getting high yields... The satellite will help predict droughts in different regions; these data will make it possible to plan the resumption of agricultural work after adverse climatic periods."

The information received from the satellite will, of course, be useful not only in agriculture. It will create more accurate weather and climate maps of our planet. The accumulated data will help to better understand and study water, energy and carbon cycles and better understand the complex global processes taking place on Earth.

The planned duration of the SMAP mission is 3 years.

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