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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Sawdust instead of fuel oil. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources Timber industry waste is a factor in the energy independence of forestry areas.
Bioenergy, in particular the production of energy from wood and wood processing waste, is one of the most promising areas for the development of renewable energy sources. Practically free raw materials, which previously brought one headache, can now become a source of energy independence for the timber industry regions of our country. The abundance, low cost and environmental friendliness of wood raw materials make it economically feasible to use it instead of coal and fuel oil. Wood fuel then and now Today, not only does wood retain its role as a fuel in developing countries, it is also growing in importance in developed countries. Should this be regarded as progress or as a return to the past? In the era of the industrial revolution, the replacement of firewood with coal was perceived as an unconditional symbol of technological progress. The transition from burning wood to burning coal managed to stop the catastrophic deforestation. But if earlier fossil fuel reserves seemed endless, and the detrimental environmental effects of burning it were not yet known, now things are different. Today, the reserves of oil, gas and coal do not seem limitless to anyone, in contrast to the prospects for rising prices for them, and the adverse environmental consequences of burning fossil fuels are well known. Thus, its use no longer looks so "progressive" compared to the use of wood. At the same time, in the modern world there are many examples of forest management that is not associated with degradation and complete deforestation, as it was centuries ago, one does not have to look far for such examples - these are our northern neighbors - Finland, Sweden. Modern intensive forestry ensures the use of forest resources without deforestation, and competent zoning reduces the environmental and social consequences of forest management. Forest resources of Russia In Russia, wood is also a widespread resource with large reserves. Thus, the total stock of standing wood in the country is 73 billion m³, which corresponds to approximately 38983 million tons of fuel equivalent. If we consider just waste, then the technical resource of forest biomass waste in the Russian Federation in 2007 is 48,43 million tce. The Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts have the greatest potential, in the European part - the North-Western Federal District (8,59 million tons of fuel equivalent), which includes the Arkhangelsk Region. It is in these areas that technologies can be introduced in the first place to replace fossil hydrocarbons with renewable raw materials. The use of wood and its waste as fuel, along with other measures, can help solve the social problems of rural settlements in Russia. One of the key problems for remote towns and villages is the acquisition of fossil fuels for their boiler houses, which is expensive for them and diverts municipal funds to remote regions. One way out of this situation could be the transition to local fuels, including wood and its various wastes. This would both create new jobs and achieve autonomy in energy supply. The massive use of wood for heating and the production of export wood fuels (pellets and briquettes) would make it possible to develop large areas of forests degraded as a result of previous unsustainable economic activities, which in turn would give hope to dying forest villages and forestry towns. The timber resource base, which was the basis of the past well-being of Soviet timber industry enterprises, has been so depleted that the most valuable timber resources are no longer enough for the survival of forest settlements. At the same time, the involvement of low-value secondary birch and aspen forests would make it possible to reduce the load on the forests that still remain valuable in terms of natural and cultural significance and provide jobs and livelihoods for people. The use of wood as fuel in Russia is increasing. Plants for the production of fuel pellets or fuel briquettes are being built in almost all regions where there are more or less significant forest resources. The transition of municipal boiler houses or boiler houses of large timber industry enterprises to wood fuel has ceased to be exotic. In this regard, the experience of the Arkhangelsk region is interesting, in which bioenergy based on waste from the forest industry is actively developing. Prospects for the use of forestry waste in the Arkhangelsk region The industrial use of the richest forest resources is the basis of the region's economy. Forests cover 78% of the mainland area of the region. In terms of standing timber reserves, estimated at 2,5 billion m³, the territory ranks second in the European North of Russia. 83% of tree plantations are conifers, spruce predominates. More than 70% of the forest area or 18 billion m³ is classified as commercial forest, the wood of which is used for industrial processing and for the Arkhangelsk Region's own needs. The timber industry complex of the Arkhangelsk region can be considered one of the most powerful in the Russian Federation. There are a large number of logging enterprises, 3 large pulp and paper mills, 15 sawmills, and plywood production. The annual volume of timber harvesting and processing reaches 13 million m³. The pulp and paper industry consumes 8 million m³ of pulpwood, and over 4 million m³ of sawn timber is processed by sawmills. As a result of forestry activities, a large amount of various waste is generated - from logging operations, cross cutting, lumpy waste from small sawmilling, sawdust, bark. In 2007, with a total volume of wood harvesting of 13 million m³, 425 million m³ of wood waste was generated. The highest concentration of waste is observed in timber processing centers - Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk, Koryazhma, Onega. About 3 million m³ of wood waste is generated here, of which 1 million m³ is bark, 2 million m³ is sawdust and screenings from wood chips for pulp and paper industry. More than 2 million m³ of waste are dispersed throughout the region in logging sites and near rural settlements where primary wood processing is performed. Waste accounted for almost half of the harvested timber. Until recently, they were not considered as a cheap and available resource for extracting by-products and they were simply thrown away. In recycling centers, large accumulations of waste in landfills caused serious environmental and fire hazard problems. Biogas was formed from the waste, and the decomposition products of wood and organic acids poisoned the waters and soils in the territories adjacent to the storage site. Today the situation is changing, the waste of the timber industry has finally begun to be considered as an energy resource. The main area of application of waste is, first of all, incineration at departmental boiler houses of the timber and industrial complex. In general, timber processing in its own production utilizes approximately 60% of the resulting bark and sawdust. This step was prompted by high fuel costs in the timber industry. Production processes in timber processing are quite energy intensive and require a large amount of thermal energy. In order to save on energy purchases, enterprises are converting their own boiler houses to wood fuel. Wood waste instead of hydrocarbons The modernization of fixed assets is especially characteristic of the Arkhangelsk industrial hub, where most of the developing timber processing industries are located. For example, the Arkhangelsk Pulp and Paper Mill has invested heavily in the modernization of its own energy sector. Boilers for burning bark and wood waste using fluidized bed technology were built, which made it possible to reduce the energy intensity of production by more than 15%. Reconstruction of thermal stations of the Solombala Pulp and Paper Mill was carried out with the replacement of boilers for the use of bark and wood waste. They burn waste in their boiler houses Arkhangelsk LDK No. 3, Solombala LDK. The waste problems of the Onega sawmill and woodworking plant have been solved. A positive point is the fact that such trends are represented not only by large enterprises, but also among small woodworking enterprises (Ryazanovo-DOK, "Polar Bear") there are similar examples. Although it is not yet possible to say that this has already become a common practice. Most small and medium-sized sawmills and woodworking enterprises do not have mechanisms for the collection and use of wood waste. But let us now turn to the situation in the countryside, which is far from ideal. In rural areas of the region, where there are many small enterprises, logging is carried out, the situation with waste is changing slowly. Of the total volume of waste generated here, 1 million m³ serves as a potential resource for further processing, of which 600 thousand m³ is logging waste: branches, branches, tops that accumulate in the plots; 400 thousand m³ of lumpy waste - slabs and slats, are formed as a result of the activities of private sawmills. 90% of this resource is not economically used, waste is either stored or simply burned. At the same time, it should be noted that the gasification plans do not cover the entire territory of the Arkhangelsk region. Four districts - Pinezhsky, Leshukonsky, Vinogradovsky and Shenkursky - are not proposed to be gasified due to low population and remoteness. But at the same time, these areas have rich forestry potential. It is here that it would be expedient to replace imported fuel oil and coal at boiler houses and diesel stations with wood waste. The positive experience of the Vinogradovsky district of the Arkhangelsk region on the use of firewood in boiler houses is interesting. The area falls into the zone of the so-called shrinking coniferous forests in the interfluve of the Northern Dvina and Pinega, where large stocks of substandard timber have formed on an area of 1,7 million hectares. Logging activities in these forests are forced to take on the character of extensive sanitary felling. So far, mass industrial use of this wood has not been found in the region, so its widespread use for the needs of municipal settlements in the Vinogradovsky district is logical and expedient. There is a pre-project justification for the construction of a small CHP plant on wood waste with combined heat and power generation in the village of Leshukonskoye. This will reduce the seasonal import of expensive diesel fuel on federal funds, and reduce the cost of electricity for commercial use by an order of magnitude. In turn, cheaper energy will stimulate the growth of industrial production in the eastern territory of the region. Specialized programs for the development of bioenergy in the region Prospects for the development of bioenergy in the Arkhangelsk region are associated with a number of projects and programs. One of these programs is the strategy for the long-term development of forest management in the Arkhangelsk region, developed by the order of the Federal Forestry Service by the Moscow Institute NIPIEIlesprom as part of the IBRD pilot project in Russia, which proposes the creation of 7 workshops for the production of pelletized wood fuel with a capacity of 35 thousand tons in the Arkhangelsk region the social and economic target program "Modernization of objects of a municipal infrastructure of the Arkhangelsk region for 2007-2010" is created and accepted. One of the directions of the program implementation is "Efficient use of local fuels". The implementation of these measures provides for an investment of more than 600 million rubles. for the construction and reconstruction of biofuel boiler houses. The developed feasibility studies of projects show record-low payback periods under the conditions of replacing expensive heating oil with biofuel. Of the already completed programs, we can mention the socio-economic program "Environmental Protection and Ensuring Ecological Safety of the Arkhangelsk Region for 2006-2008", during which a number of measures were taken:
One of the companies supplying equipment for the modernization of boiler houses and their conversion to wood fuel is CJSC Lesenergo, which has 38 years of experience in using wood as a fuel in boiler houses in the forest industry and technological installations. So its new boilers of the KE-10-14 CO type for waste incineration are installed in the cities of Arkhangelsk, Onega and at a number of timber industry enterprises. The payback of projects is no more than two years, not taking into account the return of funds from the sale of quotas under the Kyoto Protocol. It should be noted that the massive use of wood as a fuel has its negative aspects. If the increase in the consumption of forest resources is not compensated by the conduct of high-quality intensive forestry aimed at the accelerated reproduction of forests, and the conservation of the environment-forming and natural values of the forest is not given due attention, an increase in the volume of wood harvesting for fuel will lead to an early degradation of forests. Forest resources can only be considered renewable if they are properly used. Author: Alexey Smirnov, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University; Publication: AEnergy.ru
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