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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
From a formal point of view, vodka as a brand rightfully belongs to Russia. But vodka in the modern sense appeared only about a century ago, simultaneously with establishments called Tsar's taverns. From the 2th to the XNUMXth century, this drink was called bread wine. And that wine differed from the current vodkas not only in the name. In Rus', a completely different vodka was driven, the technology was built in such a way that the yield of the final product was approximately XNUMX percent of the feedstock. In other words, to get a ladle of first-class vodka, it was necessary to lime several barrels of grain, rye malt, yeast and milk. The royal courts of Europe, receiving Russian bread wine as a gift, valued it above French cognacs, but they twisted a finger at their temples about the profitability of production. None of us drank that real vodka. What we drink today is called vodka because of the play on words and traditions. But the most important thing, of course, is not the terms. The creation of vodka, in principle, became possible only after the invention of distillation of alcohol. The Arabs succeeded for the first time, but their religion radically strangled the process. Germans should thank other nations for beer. His Germans began to cook almost the last in the world. For 7000 years BC. the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) already knew several dozen recipes, which German archaeologists, by the way, copied from the walls of Sumerian temples already in our century. Even earlier, ancient Armenians (IX century BC, Urartu) learned how to prepare barley beer. And every builder of the Egyptian pyramids generally received three loaves of bread and three jugs of beer every day. At eight years old, they can get into families. Eighteen, as expected, is a transitional age for them. The weak do not survive. At forty-five they are ready to take pride of place. But this is not the limit. At sixty they can receive an honorary title. This title is the Kremlin or the main Christmas tree of the country. And the place of honor that they can take is the city square (if the right Christmas tree is taken, and not a collection of individual Christmas trees that play the role of branches on a metal trunk). Newsletter Questions of the Scientific Cat No740 (rest.znatoki) One of the first instruments for measuring distances was invented in the 576rd century BC. AD in China. It was a light cart that had a gear system connected to a wheel and a drum. Each li (18 m) was marked by a drum beat. At the same time, Minister Pei Xiu created an XNUMX-page Regional Atlas (the preface to it outlines the basic principles of mapping) and a large map of China on silk, which was so large that it was difficult for one person to unfold it. Another tool to assist in the making of maps was probably the compass, the use of which was first mentioned in China around the same time. For the lowland regions, which made up most of the Han state, it was natural to divide the land plots into squares. This led to the formation of a rectangular coordinate system with a grid of equal squares, which became the basis of Chinese cartography. But cartographic images in this rectangular system were built on the basis of ideas about a flat, not a spherical Earth. mailing Pochemuchka (rest.brain.pochem) One of the aptitude tests for student managers at Tokyo University of Economics was the following task: during rush hours, they must enter the subway car and, without any introduction, in a loud voice, tell all the passengers their biography. The Americanized image of Santa Claus was elaborated by illustrator Thomas Nast in Harper's magazine from 1860-1880. Nast added attributes such as the north pole and a list of good and bad kids. The modern version of Santa, where he is no longer an elf, but a man, was presented in 1931 in an advertisement for Coca-Cola. In 1939, Rudolph appeared - the ninth deer with a large shiny red nose. Not everywhere Santa Claus can appear on a sleigh. He arrives in Hawaii on a Christmas ship, and in California on a surfboard. We thank Irina V., eTour project manager, for the kindly provided information. Brief biography of Santa Claus [1]etour.atrus.ru/ articles/arroundworld/usa_rojd1.asp The history of the Christmas ball goes back 4 centuries. The first glass ball was blown in Thuringia (Saxony) in the 16th century. The industrial production of Christmas decorations began only in the middle of the last century, but here in Saxony. Skillful craftsmen blew glass toys, carved bells, hearts, figures of birds and animals, balls, cones, nuts from cardboard, which were then painted with bright colors. The first electric garland caught fire in 1895 on a spruce that stood in front of the White House in the United States. The bulbs of the lamps were made by skilled glass blowers. StReLKiN [2]setch@chat.ru [3]newyear.ru/ 2001/bazar .htm In Ireland, on New Year's Eve, building the walls of a house from broken gravestones is considered a bad omen. In Switzerland, on New Year's Eve, a cucumber is cut into 12 pieces in a special way and sprinkled with salt. So they guess the weather, predicting the amount of precipitation in certain months by the release of juice on the slices. In China, on New Year's Day, lanterns were decorated with images of various animals of symbolic significance. So, the chicken meant happiness. Ivan the Terrible was very fond of participating in New Year's masquerades, he loved these masquerades so much that he killed Prince Repnin for refusing to put on a mask. For the New Year, the Japanese eat herring caviar - for having many children, and they eat candied pieces of seaweed for happiness in the New Year. In Ukraine, on the eve of the New Year, the hostess prepares as many pies as possible, puts them in a common pile on the table and asks her husband to fulfill the law. This law requires the husband to smoke the hut with incense and sit down at the table so that he cannot be seen because of the prepared dishes. Incoming ask: Where is our father? Hiba, you don't hit me? father answers. Don't worry, tattoo! God forbid, they didn’t play on that rock. That is, so that next year there would be as many dishes that would hide the father. In Scotland and Wales, those coming to visit the New Year should certainly bring a piece of coal with them and throw it into a specially kindled fireplace. Only after this custom is fulfilled, the hosts will accept the guests as having come with friendly intentions. The name Europe appears for the first time in one of the texts of Hesiod, a Greek poet of the XNUMXth century BC. BC. No scientific theory allows us to determine the reasons why our continent bears this name. Herodotus himself, a Greek historian of the XNUMXth century. BC, called the father of history, could not explain this. Maybe it's just a game of chance, similar to the one for which the American continent is named Amerigo Vespucci? The term fortification comes from the French word fortifier (strengthen, strengthen), which itself is based on the word fort, which means strong, strong, durable. In German, fortification is defined by the term Befestigung, which has the root word fest, which also means strong, steadfast, able to resist. In the time of Spartacus, the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills was called the circus. The width of the valley was 150 meters, and the length was 600 meters. B. Brodsky, Following the heroes of the books During the christening of the royal heir, the future Louis XIII, in 1606, King Henry IV was wearing thirty-two thousand pearls and three thousand diamonds, and Marshal Bassompierre was wearing fifty pounds of pearls. The Duke of Buckingham was wearing a suit studded with diamonds and half a million francs. B. Brodsky, Following the heroes of books Art begins where the weak lose confidence in their abilities and the desire to work. P. Sergich (P. Porokhovshchikov) The art of speech in court The Society of Jesus (Order of the Jesuits) was formed on August 15, 1534 in a small Parisian church in Montmartre, where Ignatius Loyola and six of his followers came to take a vow of allegiance. They went to Rome, and in 1540 Pope Paul III recognized the new order created to defend the faith by force of arms. To the three traditional vows (non-possessiveness, chastity, obedience) is added a vow of absolute fidelity to the pope, under whose care the order passed. Cassandra, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Priam and Hecuba. Apollo, who harassed her, endowed K. with the gift of providence, but when K. refused to reciprocate her, Apollo, in retaliation, made her so that her prophetic words were not taken seriously. On the night of the fall of Troy, K. sought refuge at the altar of Athena, but was torn away from him by Ajax, who forcibly took possession of K. Mythological Dictionary In the small town of Lavandon (French Riviera), where there were no empty places in the local cemetery, the mayor issued a unique decree, the text of which reads: Persons who do not have a family crypt in the cemetery are prohibited from dying in the territory of Lavandon. Times London, 20.11.2000 Triskaidephobia is the fear of the number 13. The heaviest in terms of weight was the Sunday issue of the New York Times for October 17, 1965 - 3,4 kg. It consisted of 15 sections and 946 pages, including 1200000 lines of advertisements and announcements. Due to a shortage of paper, the May 17, 1921 issue of the Izvestiya newspaper was printed on canvas. On the last page you can see the appeal Take care of the newspapers, we have few of them! After reading, pass the newspaper to another! In addition to the famous Statue of Liberty, towering in New York, there is another statue in the USA with this name. It is located on top of the dome of the Capitol in Washington. Its height is 6 meters, weight - more than 7 tons. She was erected in 1863. It is alleged that the purchase of a license for Lockheed D-3 revolutionized the Soviet aircraft industry (it is doubtful, a very short chain is built up: Li-2 - Il-12 - Il-14 - Il-18 ...), but there is not a word about ingenious designer Robert Bartini, creator of the concept planes Steel; all the well-known designers of the 40s and 50s were influenced by him: Lavochkin, Petlyakov, Yakovlev, Sukhoi, Tupolev, Mikoyan and Gurevich, Myasishchev, Ilyushin ... Andron Zayelovygibisty Clio enters in a flight helmet ... ozon. ru/ detail.cfm/ent=11&id=25078 A survey conducted in the United States of employees of various institutions about how they endure stress in the workplace gave sensational results: 42% of respondents admitted that they break into screaming and crying in such situations, 2% reach the point that they attack their colleagues with fists, 10% resort to alcohol as a sedative. Meanwhile, only one in five is ready to leave their workplace for the sake of getting rid of constant stress. White represents cowardice. The expression lily-colored liver comes from the ancient belief that there is no blood in the liver of cowards. In wartime, particularly during World War I, people who avoided military service were sometimes given or sent white feathers. This symbol originated from cockfighting - it was noticed that the most fighting are roosters with red and black color. They plucked feathers from the tails of their more cowardly white relatives, and these feathers came to represent cowardice. I, who is inferior to no one in anything and who has no one and nothing to learn from. So the lawyer Charles Dumoulin inscribed his books, XVI century. When the Negroes of the Wajaga tribe of East Africa wish to conclude a treaty, they spit in each other's mouths. On the Catherine's railway at the beginning of the 20th century, a rare case took place. Late in the evening, the bulls grazing near the road, seeing the two red lights of the locomotive carrying the train, began to snort and moo desperately. When the train came very close to the herd, the enraged bulls attacked the locomotive and began to beat him with terrible force with their horns. The locomotive crushed one bull after another, puddles of blood poured over the roadbed, while the bulls continued the unequal struggle. When the train was stopped, it turned out that out of 32 bulls, only 5 had survived, and these survivors continued to violently hit the locomotive with their horns. The most logical of all marriages of this century was called by the British newspapers the marriage between the performer of a small English circus, performing with the number Fire Breathing Woman, and a fireman working in the same troupe. A truly perfect couple. Firefighter Ralph Dill from the state of Georgia (USA) surprised even his worldly-wise colleagues: he got married in a specially set fire to the building. The bride and groom were dressed in heat-protective suits, a veil made of asbestos material, and shiny helmets on their heads. While the priest, dressed in a special suit, led the wedding ceremony, the friends poured foam jets from fire extinguishers on the altar and those present. Having got out of the fire, Dill said that his wife should know the features of his profession from the first minutes of their life together. According to the Russians, the tit and the owl were symbols of dissolute women. In the last century, many humorous magazines were published in St. Petersburg. Among them was one with the following title: Uncle pea jester with nephews nonsense and rubbish - a miserable magazine, without anyone and nothing comes into the world as a mother gave birth! In three departments (only you don’t finish us for these departments). It was one of the longest running humor magazine titles of the day. In the Kazan and Orenburg provinces, a woman who gave birth to the first girl in marriage was called Baba. Among the inhabitants of the Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, accidentally pronouncing the name of a brother-in-law is punishable by death. The longest train in the world made its only trip to the United States in November 1967. It had 500 wagons loaded with coal (42700 tons). The record line-up stretched for 6 kilometers. The word coin comes from the Latin moneo (to advise). According to the Byzantine historian of the 319th century, Svid, the Romans, not having sufficient funds to wage war with the king of Epirus, Pyrrhus (273-XNUMX BC), turned to the goddess Juno Moneta (Juno Sovetchitsa) for help. After the victory over Pyrrhus in Rome, a mint was created at the temple of Juno, minting banknotes from gold, silver, copper, other metals and their alloys, and the senate issued a decree ordering all metal money to be called coins. Researchers from the National Institute of Longevity (Japan) examined 2000 people aged 40 to 79 years, who were divided into groups depending on the consumption of alcoholic beverages. It turned out that those who drank no more than 540 milliliters of alcohol per day (sake or wine) showed better test results compared to teetotalers. On average, the IQ scores of moderate drinkers were 3,3 points higher than those of non-drinkers. For women, the gain was 2,5 points. In 1783, Breguet received an order for a watch for the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette. Was ordered top of the range, which could only be ordered for the money. This watch turned out to be so complicated that even ten years after Marie Antoinette's death on the guillotine, they could not be finally assembled. The finished model - Marie Antoinette was presented to the public only in 1827, 4 years after the death of Breguet himself. This watch is still one of the most luxurious and sophisticated watches in the world to this day. Swiss Watches (swiss-watch.ru/ ) How much does a person cost? French experts answered this question in the truest sense of the word. They found that a 70 kg human body contains 45 kg of oxygen, 12 kg of carbon, 7 kg of hydrogen, 2 kg of nitrogen and just over 1 kg of calcium. Other elements of the periodic table are presented as follows: 860 g of phosphorus, 300 g of sulfur, 210 g of potassium, 100 g of sodium, 70 g of chlorine, as well as several grams of magnesium, iron, fluorine, zinc, copper and several milligrams of iodine, cobalt, manganese , molybdenum, chromium, selenium. Finally, traces of such elements as vanadium, nickel, aluminum, lead, tin, titanium, boron, bromine, arsenic and silicon can be found in man. Based on modern prices for refined chemical products, the French have calculated that the cost of raw materials from which the human body is made does not exceed 145 US dollars. Fun and amazing science (nauka.nm.ru/ index .htm) Domains (medieval Latin domanium), in Western Europe, lands and forests, the income from which goes to the heads of dynasties or the state. Brockhaus On-line (russia.agama.com/bol/) The human eye is an almost regular sphere with a diameter of about 25 mm. It consists of three membranes - the outer fibrous, middle vascular and inner retina, which surround the nucleus of the eye. It includes aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body. Laser sight for playing billiards. This unique device is designed and manufactured in England. Easily attaches to any cue. Allows even professionals to correct their aiming... CUE.ru: All about billiards, all for billiards! (cue.ru/ ) Since the history of sake goes back centuries, it is no coincidence that deities of rice wine appeared in Japanese mythology, similar to the Greek god Bacchus. From the chronicle of Nihongi dating back to 720, one can learn that during the time of the legendary Emperor Shujin, his subjects worshiped the deity of rice wine, Omiwa no kami. A Shinto shrine in Nara was also dedicated to him. Two other deities of rice wine were dedicated to the temples of Matsuo Jinja and Umemi Jinja in Kyoto. JAPAN from A to Z (japantoday.ru/ japanaz/) The longest and heaviest freight train, stretching for 7,3 km in length, overcame the 861-kilometer section Seaschen - Saldanha, South Africa, on a 106,5-centimeter gauge. The train consisted of 660 wagons (each had a load of up to 105 tons), a railway tank car and a service car. It was pulled by 9 50-kilowatt electric locomotives and 7 diesel-electric locomotives distributed along the entire length of the train. He covered this distance in 22 hours and 40 minutes. The heaviest freight train is the BP Iron Or, which weighed 72 tons or 191,54 tons without locomotives. It consisted of 70 ore wagons and 381,34 locomotives. On May 540, 10, the train covered a distance of 28 km on the Newman - Port Hedland, Australia section. The length of the longest passenger train is 1732,9 m. It consisted of 70 wagons pulled by an electric locomotive. Its total weight was 2786 tons. On April 27, 1991, the National Belgien Railway Company train took 1 hour 11 minutes 5 seconds to travel 62,5 kilometers between Ghent and Ostend, Belgium. Since January 1, 2001 it is forbidden to smoke in Smolny, as well as in all buildings under the control of the St. Petersburg administration. By order of Vladimir Yakovlev, the governor of St. Petersburg, all smoking places have already been eliminated in Smolny.
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