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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Virologists estimate that 1 yet undiscovered viruses circulate in birds and mammals. Of these, 670 thousand can be dangerous to humans, and now 000 viruses are known to cause disease in humans. By 2020, 62% of the world's cobalt production will go to lithium-ion batteries, and more than 60% of its reserves are located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to the US Geological Survey, about a quarter of all undiscovered oil and gas reserves are hidden under the waters of the Arctic. Only 10% of people who have a tuberculosis bacillus in their bodies develop tuberculosis. Italian astronomers, processing data from the Chandra space telescope, have discovered the largest cluster of galaxies. It is located 9,6 billion light-years from us, and its mass is 400 trillion times that of the Sun. According to the UN, every minute the world's population increases by 157 people. Of these, 4 people are added in developed countries (27 newborns are born, 23 old people die). In developing countries, 153 people are added per minute (237 are born, 84 die). A fifth of the watermelon crop grown in the United States rots on melons or splits during transportation. They found a use: watermelons, unsuitable for food, are processed into alcohol, which is used as fuel for cars. A 9 kg watermelon produces 300 grams of alcohol. Of the approximately 20 human genes, we inherited at least 145 not from our human ancestors, or even from monkeys, but from bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants, and other lower organisms. Of the 20 cities in the world with the air most polluted with particulate matter, 13 are in India. Such pollution shortens the life of every city dweller by more than three years. If plastic waste flows into the oceans at the same rate as now, then by 2050, according to one of the English conservation societies, the weight of plastic in the oceans will exceed the weight of fish. An international team of astronomers has discovered a supernova in a distant galaxy in the constellation Indus, whose brightness at the peak of the outbreak was 570 billion times greater than the brightness of the Sun and 20-50 times the total brightness of all the stars in our Galaxy. Spanish anthropologists have proven that the Neanderthal olfactory bulbs (smell receptors) were 1-12% smaller than those of Homo sapiens. Perhaps a weak sense of smell is one of the reasons for the extinction of the Neanderthals. Tibetans have 10 genes that increase the efficiency of oxygen uptake from rarefied air. According to American geophysicists, over the past two billion years, continental drift has doubled. The earth thaws from above and freezes from below. The area occupied by sea ice in the Arctic has decreased to a minimum in 2014, and the ice cap of Antarctica has grown at a record high, according to satellite data. Only 10% of the world's languages have dictionaries and grammars. Psychologists who have tested prisoners in Italian prisons have found that mafiosi are less psychopathic, less violent and more prone to displaying human feelings than unorganized criminals. A rather thick layer of quartz sand has been found in a lake on one of the Bermuda Islands, although the volcanic rocks that make up the islands are practically devoid of quartz. The islands have their own sand, but carbonate. Scientists have suggested that quartz sand is brought here annually from the beaches of North America by migratory waterfowl on their paws and in the stomach. Each carries, as surveys have shown, only from 23 to 89 grains of sand, but annually from 15 to 300 thousand birds fly here. In the Balearic Islands, Spanish zoologists found a lizard that plays the role of a bee: it feeds on the nectar of the seaside plant kritmum and pollinates its flowers. An estimated 2,9 million large cetaceans were taken during the XNUMXth century. China annually exports up to 200 thousand tons of synthetic vitamins. Over 80% of the vitamin C on the world market comes from China. Ellen Stofan, chief scientist at NASA, believes that in the next 10 years we will discover extraterrestrial living beings. Most likely, it will be microbes. In 2016, the Kepler space telescope discovered 219 planets around other stars. And for the entire time of his work in orbit, this number exceeded 4000. Of these, as astronomers suspect, life may be 49. According to the Italian physician Marco Durante, in 10 years, the complex treatment of cancer will include a temporary decrease in body temperature to 15 ° C. This will slow tumor growth and reduce the side effects of therapy. Based on gene analysis, ornithologists at the Museum of Natural History in New York believe that 41% of known bird species actually consist of two or more species. Then it turns out that the total number of bird species should not be about 9000, as they count now, but about 18. The Chilean earthquake on February 27, 2010 shifted the Earth's axis of rotation by 8 centimeters and reduced the duration of the day by 1,26 microseconds. Since Toronto, Canada's restaurants were banned from smoking in 2001, admissions to hospitals for patients with heart and lung problems have dropped by a third. In the genome of the indigenous inhabitants of Papua New Guinea, DNA fragments were found that are characteristic of the so-called Denisovans, who inhabited the Altai Territory about 40 years ago. Chilean ornithologists compared the heart size of 915 bird species that differ in the way they fly. Hummingbirds have the most active flapping flight, up to 80 wing movements per second. The weight of the heart of a hummingbird is 3% of the weight of the entire bird, while that of a slow pelican is only 0,85%. Biologists from the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) found special bacteria in the intestines of vampire bats that synthesize vitamins and carbohydrates from blood substances that are necessary for a vampire, but absent in his food - blood. According to American geneticists, the facial features of each of us are determined by more than 4300 regions of the genome. Therefore, the chances of finding your double in the world are vanishingly small. As German meteorologists suggest, the cooling of the European climate in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries could be explained by increased volcanic activity at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. Volcanoes then threw so much ash into the air that it weakened the sunlight. Ford aims to produce fully automated vehicles by 2021 that will have no steering wheel, brake pedal, clutch pedal or gas pedal. But they will be able to travel only along certain routes, such as a fixed-route taxi. Brazil aims to restore 2030 million hectares of deforested tropical forests by 12. An analysis of 1106 light spectra of the star Beta Piktorsa, recorded over 8 years, made it possible to find 493 comets around this star. Over the past 30 years, the number of birds in Europe has decreased by 421 million individuals. It has been calculated that there are almost 2000 genes in the genome of the African elephant that provide the sense of smell (in a dog, half as many, in humans, five times less). As zoologists from South Africa found out, African elephants sleep an average of only 2 hours a day, and often remain active for up to 48 hours. The World Health Organization has published a list of 12 types of microbes that have developed resistance to antibiotics. Physicists from the University of Bristol (Great Britain), having exposed an artificial diamond to radioactive irradiation, found that a weak electric current arose in the stone. Perhaps with the help of this new effect, radioactive waste disposal sites can be turned into power plants. The Center for Genomic Research (New York, USA) has developed a method for recording data in a DNA molecule. In one gram of this substance of heredity, 215 billion gigabytes fit. According to the Planck space telescope, the age of the universe has been specified: the Big Bang occurred 13,82 billion years ago, that is, one hundred million years earlier than previously thought. Almost a quarter of the genes of the ancient African breed of dogs, the Basenji, belongs to the gray wolf, boxers have only 9% of wolf genes, and sharpei, in turn, have 9% of boxer genes. In the XNUMXst century, for the first time in human history, overeating has become a bigger problem than hunger. Over the course of a year, more than three million people die from diseases associated with obesity, and a million from malnutrition. According to American economist William Nordhaus, labor productivity in countries with cold climates is on average 12 times higher than in the tropics and subtropics. Australia is the first country in which electricity from wind has become cheaper than conventional CHP: 8-11 Australian cents instead of 12-18 per kilowatt-hour. Solar energy is on the way: from 2008 to 2011, it has fallen in price by 75%. In May 2013, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeded 400 parts per million. The last time there was so much of it was in the Pliocene, 4 million years ago, when there was tropical heat in the north of Europe and America. More than 25 people die every year in Europe from highly resistant microbes commonly found in hospitals. Their resistance to antibiotics is due to the overuse of these drugs in medicine and animal husbandry. According to the World Wildlife Fund, from 1970 to 2010, the total number of mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles in the world fell by 52%. As shown by studies conducted at the University of Minnesota (USA), within 15 minutes after a puff of cigarette smoke, substances that damage DNA appear in the blood.
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