Types of sugar. simple recipes

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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
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Types of sugar. Simple recipes and tips

Factory technologies - simple recipes

Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes

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There are various types sugars, differing in their chemical composition and physicochemical properties. In general, all types of sugars are divided into two main groups: monosaccharides and disaccharides. To monosaccharides belong those types of sugars that have six carbon atoms in a molecule (C6H12O6), to disaccharides (C12H32O11) - those that have twice the amount, that is, twelve carbon atoms. The latter include beet or cane sugar, monosaccharides - grape and fruit.

Beet sugar - cane sugar, sucrose, ordinary sugar (C12H22O11) is found in the trunk and root of plants (grape and fruit sugar are found mainly in sweet fruits). Beet sugar melts at 160 °C and hardens when cooled into an amorphous mass (barley sugar, candy), which after some time becomes crystalline again. Heated to 190-200 °C, it turns into caramel - sugar cooler. Cane sugar rotates the plane of polarization to the right. He does not restore Felling's solution.

Felling's liquid is obtained by mixing a solution of 36,64 g of copper sulfate in 100 cm3 of water and a solution of 200 g of Rochelle's salt in 600 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution (sp. w. 1,12). The resulting mixture of solutions was adjusted to 1 liter by dilution with water.

Grape sugar (glucose, dextrose C6H12O6) is found in many sweet fruits and honey; crystallizes with 1 molecule of water: at 86 °C it is anhydrous, at 146 °C it melts. Cane sugar is twice as sweet as grape sugar. Grape sugar rotates the plane of polarization to the right and, being a monosaccharide, reduces Felling's solution.

By treating starch with acids, starch syrup can be obtained, consisting of grape sugar. This method of obtaining grape sugar is often used in the falsification of honey, marmalade, candied fruit, etc.

fruit sugar (fructose, levulose, C6H12O6) is also found in sweet fruits and honey. It crystallizes only with difficulty in crystals having the composition 2C6H12O6 + H2O; in most cases it forms deliquescent masses, more easily soluble in wine alcohol than grape sugar, and hardly soluble in water. Fruit sugar rotates the plane of polarization to the left, also belongs to monosaccharides and restores Felling's solution.

Inverted Sugar is that mixed type of sugar which enters into bee honey as the main main part of it, and which in its pure form is a mixture of equal parts of grape and fruit sugar. Inverted sugar rotates the plane of polarization to the left, since fruit sugar in it rotates to the left more strongly than grape sugar to the right. The presence of these two sugars in the invert sugar causes Felling's solution to be reduced. With the help of a polarizing apparatus, it is possible to determine exactly how far the process of inverting beet sugar has gone, how much of it has not yet been decomposed.

Author: Korolev V.A.

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