Shoe creams. raw materials. simple recipes

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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
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Shoe creams. raw materials. Simple recipes and tips

Factory technologies - simple recipes

Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes

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Consider raw materialsused in the manufacture of shoe polishes.

Beeswax It consists mainly of cerotinic acid, palmetic-myricin ester, ceryl alcohol and melissa alcohol. Approximately 55% of beeswax is not saponified. When heated with weakly alkaline solutions, for example, in a solution of borax, an emulsion is formed; when cooled, the wax is released again on the surface of the solution. Otherwise, the wax is mixed with easily saponifiable fats or waxes (for example, bovine fat or Japanese wax); in this case, it forms a strong emulsion with a solution of borax, which it also gives when cooking with carbonic alkalis. Cerotinic acid with carbonic alkalis gives a waxy soap, which emulsifies the rest of the wax components. For 100 g of wax, 5,1 g of crystalline soda is enough, but practitioners usually take some excess of it.

Caustic alkalis not only bind wax acids, but also decompose beeswax esters. The melting point of pure beeswax is 63-64 °C. Beeswax has the disadvantage that, when mixed in large quantities with shoe polishes, it makes the shiny layer of cleaned shoes somewhat sticky, as a result of which dust easily sticks to them.

Candelilla wax is a vegetable wax extracted in Mexico. The hardness of this wax, which has the ability to create a shiny surface when the creams made from it harden and the durability of a good gloss on shoes cleaned with such an ointment, gives Candelilla wax great value. This wax, having a melting point between 67-68 °C, contains 90% unsaponifiable substances and about 6% fatty acids. It is used for turpentine, water-based and colored creams, but due to the high cost and its absence in our market, candelilla wax is almost never used in modern production conditions.

Carnauba wax - also of plant origin - stands out on the surface of the leaves of a special type of palm tree, has a dirty gray or greenish-yellow color, is hard and can be ground into powder. It melts at 83-86 °C, forming a cloudy, often foamy mass, and completely dissolves in hot turpentine. About 45% of carnauba wax can be saponified using alcoholic potassium alkali. Carnauba wax gives an excellent and long-lasting gloss. By the way, the patterns on the surface of some types of shoe creams are determined by the presence of carnauba wax in the composition of these ointments.

Carnauba wax should not be melted over a naked fire, as it can easily burn and become dark brown in color, so it should be melted in a water bath. If you still have to work on a bare fire, then first melt the other waxes, fats and hydrocarbons, and then add carnauba wax in pieces the size of a nut and stir until it melts. Carnauba wax is suitable for the preparation of all types of creams, and even a small addition of carnauba wax to other types of wax increases their melting point and hardness. The increase in hardness, however, does not vary in direct proportion to the amount of carnauba wax added.

Montana wax (montan wax, lignite) is obtained in various ways from brown coal. Giving deviations in its properties depending on the method of preparation, it usually contains 25% montanic acid and 65% wax alcohols. Montan wax with a melting point of 80-84 °C is used to produce creams. This wax can replace expensive carnauba wax; work with it is carried out under conditions similar to carnauba wax. It should be noted that too much montan wax admixture makes the cream grainy. For colored varieties of cream, you need to use pure or bleached wax.

Japanese wax, being, in essence, not a wax, but a fat of plant origin, consists mainly of glyceride, palmitic acid and free palmitic acid and is used primarily as an emulsifying admixture for aqueous and shoe creams. Easily saponified by caustic alkalis, purified commercial Japanese wax is hard, has a conchoidal shiny fracture, light yellow, almost white color, and in its shade is suitable for colored and light-dyed shoe creams. Becoming plastic in the hands, it has a melting point between 52-54 °C. It is not used in large quantities, as it makes the shiny surface of polished shoes sticky.

Shellac wax obtained as a by-product in the preparation of white shellac or as waste in the preparation of alcohol varnishes. Its melting point ranges from 75 to 85 °C. Shellac wax gives a good gloss and is advantageous to work with, as it requires a large amount of solvent, but it is an expensive wax and is currently also difficult to obtain on our market.

Ozokerite and ceresin (earth wax). Ozokerite and ceresin obtained from it by purification are widely used in the production of shoe polishes. Ozokerite has a color from yellow to almost black, melts at 70-75 °C and, without saponification at all, is a mixture of solid hydrocarbons. Chemically purified ozokerite is commercially known as ceresin. Well-purified ceresin is white or yellow in color. Yellow-colored paraffin is often passed off as ceresin; If you shake such a falsified product with alcohol, the coloring matter turns into alcohol.

Paraffin represents solid hydrocarbons that are obtained during the distillation of certain types of oil and lignite tar. The melting point of paraffin is different and varies widely - from 38 to 70 °C. Paraffin does not saponify; the wax mixture for aqueous creams should not contain more than 5% paraffin. If you add large amounts of paraffin, it makes the surface of the shoe polish spotty. There are soft and hard types of paraffin, and different types of paraffin are determined by their melting point. So, for example, there is 38-degree paraffin, 45-degree, etc. For light-colored creams, pure white paraffin is used.

Rosin it is used only for water (saponified) creams and in small quantities. With alkalis, rosin forms soft, easily soluble soaps in water, which emulsify well. Rosin should never be used for turpentine creams. Since it makes the surface of polished shoes sticky. In addition, rosin dries the skin and makes it brittle.

Turpentine is the most common raw material for wax creams. Turpentine creams are very common. The consumer considers the presence of a turpentine smell to be a sign of the high quality of the cream. This circumstance was the reason that a certain amount of turpentine is added to water creams. This addition of turpentine should not be considered as a fraud, since the addition of turpentine somewhat improves the quality of the aqueous cream, as will be discussed in more detail below.

On sale there are various varieties of turpentine. There are American, French, Russian sulfur turpentine and Russian stump turpentine. The first three varieties are colorless and have an aromatic smell. Stump turpentine is colored and dries relatively more slowly. In addition, this turpentine sometimes contains an admixture of acetic acid, which has a harmful effect on shoes. Of the impurities added to turpentine for the purpose of falsification, an admixture of kerosene and other light oil fractions is often found. Unglued paper moistened with good turpentine should dry quickly without staining. Of the other solvents, gasoline and benzene are also used.

Soap, used only for aqueous saponified creams, promotes the formation of emulsions, binds water, and also contributes to the stability (strength) of emulsions. Of the soaps, mainly sodium from bovine fat (sound) is used.

Coloring matter

Mostly aniline paints are used in production. For cheaper varieties, mineral paints are also used for colored creams, soot and burnt bone for black ones. For creams, there are two kinds of aniline paints: for water creams - paints soluble in water, and for turpentine - soluble in fats.

Nigrosins of various brands are used for black creams. Ready-made nigrosine is found on sale, dissolved in oleic or stearic acids. In the first case, it has a thick consistency, in the second case, it is solid pieces. If nigrosine not dissolved in fats is purchased, then the fatty acid is heated at the temperature of a water bath, nigrosine is added and stirred until the nigrosine is dissolved. It should be noted that in the production of creams, nigrosine is added to melted waxes before the addition of paraffin and ceresin.

For water creams, water-soluble and alkali-resistant aniline dyes are used. Paints are added directly in the process to an alkaline solution or in the form of an aqueous solution. For mixed (combined) creams, fat-soluble aniline paints dissolved in turpentine can also be used. If black paints do not give the desired intense black tint, then a small amount of yellow or blue paint is added.

Author: Korolev V.A.

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