|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
General information about dyeing fabrics. Simple recipes and tips
Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes Dyeing methods depend on the type of fibers of the material to be dyed. The main fibrous materials include wool, cotton, silk, linen, hemp, straw, etc. Fibrous materials, both animal and vegetable, are dyed in the form of finished fabric or in yarn. The dyeing process consists in the absorption of dye by fibers. Paints (dyes) used for dyeing fabrics, yarn and other materials can be divided into 2 groups: natural, obtained from products of plant and animal origin, and artificial (chemical), which are sometimes also called "aniline" due to the fact that aniline is one from the main raw materials for their manufacture. The existing opinion about the fragility of artificial paints is completely unfounded; there are now a great many artificially prepared dyes, which resist the action of water, soap, friction, and light much better than natural ones. That is why artificial dyes in many cases displace natural dyes from practice, especially since the former are made in all sorts of colors and shades and in this respect provide a great choice. Paints can, by mixing different dyes belonging to the same group, give new colors and shades. For example, orange is obtained by mixing red with yellow, green - blue with yellow, etc. By changing the input quantities of primary colors, it is possible to obtain a composite dye of a wide variety of shades. In view of the huge variety of dyes and dyeing methods, the frames of the book do not allow developing this department with sufficient completeness, therefore, only the most common dyeing methods are placed in it, which are easily done in the simplest environment. According to their properties, dyes can be divided into the following main groups. Dyes soluble in water and directly dyeing fibers Substantive dyes that dye fibers of both plant origin (cotton, linen, etc.) and animal (wool, silk). Acid dyes, which are used to dye wool and silk; vegetable fibers do not stain. The main dyes that dye directly are also only wool and silk. For dyeing plant fibers, these dyes require additional mordant treatment. Dyes that dye fibers by mordant They require the processing of fibers with additional substances, which, when combined with dyes on the fiber, give a strong color. Mordant dyes, the mordant for which are mainly solutions of salts: alum, ferrous sulfate, etc. Basic dyes for dyeing plant fibers. Dyes formed on the fiber These dyes are applied to the fiber often in the form of a completely different color, and only after some exposure to air do they give a beautiful, very durable color. Sulfur dyes. Used mainly for plant fibers. vat dyes. All fibers are dyed. In addition to dyes, a number of auxiliary materials are also used, for example, sulfuric, acetic, hydrochloric acids, soda, lime, caustic alkalis, ammonia, table salt, Glauber's salt, etc. magnesium salts. For dyeing, one should also not use water containing iron salts, since the latter adversely affect the color. The dyeing process is carried out in pots, cauldrons, etc., depending on the scale. It is best to use cast iron or enameled dishes. Faience or clay non-porous dishes are also convenient, copper in most cases is not applicable. Water is usually taken for wool or silk in an amount from 25 to 50 times greater than the weight of the material being dyed, and for cotton or linen from 15 to 25 times. For fabric, water is taken somewhat less than for yarn. The amount of paint is usually considered as a percentage of the weight of the material being painted. During dyeing, the fabric is turned over with a glass or wooden stick. If the yarn is dyed, then it is hung on glass rods and with the help of them, from time to time, the non-immersed parts of the yarn are lowered into the solution, so that the dyeing occurs evenly. Before dyeing, the material must be well washed, otherwise the coloring may turn out uneven. During dyeing, care must be taken to ensure that the color is even, without spots. There should be no lumps in the solution, and the matter should not form folds. Dyeing should be done slowly. The slower the fibers absorb the dye, the smoother the color will be. Beginners should not start dyeing immediately without doing preliminary experiments. When dissolving dyes, you must adhere to the following rules. Dissolve the dye in a stone, enamel or wooden bowl. To dissolve, take boiling water, mixing it thoroughly. Do not prepare a dye solution in stock. Pour the dye solution into the dye bath through a clean cloth or sieve. If possible, use rain or snow water for dyeing. For hard water, soften with acetic acid, adding for every 10 liters of water from 50 to 200 cm3 of acetic acid 6 °Be. Only a homogeneous dye can be mixed and dissolved with a homogeneous one, so, for example, a substantive dye cannot be mixed with an acid one. Author: Korolev V.A.
Machine for thinning flowers in gardens
02.05.2024 Advanced Infrared Microscope
02.05.2024 Air trap for insects
01.05.2024
▪ ISL5627 High Speed D/A Converter ▪ Found a new property of graphene ▪ Glass developed to reduce energy consumption and regulate room temperature
▪ section of the site History of technology, technology, objects around us. Article selection ▪ article Happy feet. Popular expression ▪ article What is materialism? Detailed answer ▪ article Common leucanthemum. Legends, cultivation, methods of application
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page