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WONDERS OF NATURE
Sundarban. Nature miracle
The Sundarbans National Park is located in the swampy lower reaches of the world's largest delta, formed by the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The park is located on the border of India and Bangladesh. According to one estimate, the park covers an area of 10 square meters. km, on others - 000 sq. km. More than half of the territory belongs to Bangladesh.
The Sundarbans National Park was established in 1966. It is a combination of channels and numerous low-lying islands, from time to time flooded by the sea tide. The lands of the park are covered with thickets of the sundari tree - from it the name of the reserve. During the rainy season, the protected area is often flooded with large water, so, despite numerous construction projects, the land, fortunately, turned out to be uninhabited. The national park was created to protect mangroves and a variety of animals. The flora of the Sundarbans is represented by almost 300 species of flowers and 17 species of ferns. Mostly local species prevail. The islands of the Sundarbans are covered, as a rule, by dense evergreen forests of trees and shrubs, among which mangroves occupy the first place. "Mangroves," writes A. Ilyinsky, "are characterized by daily flooding by the tide. From the sea, mangroves appear as a dark green impenetrable thicket formed by low trees. At high tide, it seems that all this green mass is floating on the water." At low tide, the situation changes: the dense, fluffy mangrove crown on a thick trunk rests on highly branched roots, resembling an overturned crown, densely covered with thickets of scarlet and other algae. The roots rise from the water by 1,5–2,5 m. Silt and sand accumulate between the branches of the roots, so the mangroves significantly contribute to the strengthening of the coastline. Up to 50 species of trees grow in mangrove forests. However, the main tree of the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans is the red-barked tree, called sundari in India.
In addition to mangrove forests, holophilic trees and ferns grow here. There is a stemless palm with leaves 8-10 m long, as well as undersized, coconut palms. There are up to 13 types of orchids. Dolphins, finless porpoise, crocodiles are found in the waters of the reserve. The Sundarbans has the largest population in the subcontinent (264 individuals, according to 1983 estimates) of the so-called royal tigers. In the early 1970s, the area of the tiger reserve was 2,58 thousand square meters. km. For several years, the "Tiger" project was carried out here to save this animal. This project was initiated in 1972 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). The experts of these international organizations spent the money allocated by the fund ($100) to census tigers. In 1973, the capture of animals was organized, which were then released with radio transmitters in collars in order to study the areas of their accommodation, migration, find out what size of territory they need, and investigate the causes of cannibalism of tigers in the Sundarbans. D. Nikitin, who traveled through the Sundarbans, described in the magazine “Around the World” the habits of the king of the national park - the tiger: “In the evenings, tigers guard deer near a large reservoir, along the shore of which we follow. Tigers also attack people, but only from behind. Guide Selim He answers almost proudly that in a year the local tigers eat at least 70 fishermen, forestry workers and honey collectors. And this is only in the Sundarbans, not counting the territory where mountain tribes live. The metropolitan press noted that in the reporting year, tigers did not eat more than 10 people. True, this is only official. The largest losses are among honey collectors. When attacking a person, a tiger breaks his neck with a blow of his paw, making his further task easier. In the Indian part of the Sundarbans, honey collectors are given iron masks that protect their necks. In this part Sundarbans, due to poverty, they work without them.” Nevertheless, the problem of tiger conservation is acute in both Bangladesh and India. Indira Gandhi wrote that "there is an irony in the Tiger project. The country, the most famous refuge of these magnificent animals for millennia, is now forced to fight to save them. This project is evidence of our neglect of the environmental problem and at the same time an indicator of a new and most a progressive approach to saving one of the most majestic animals for generations to come." If in the 20s of the 40th century there were about 70 thousand tigers in India, then in the early 1,8s there were only XNUMX thousand left, which settled in small groups, and there was no regular genetic exchange between them. Poaching has not yet been completely stopped. Tigers are also dying from pesticides. The area suitable for their existence is also reduced. In nine national parks and reserves (Manas, Palamai, Simplipal, Ranthambor, Kanha, Melgat, Bandipur, Sundarban, Corbett), according to the plan for the protection of tigers, favorable conditions are created for their existence. If necessary, these protected areas can be expanded and completely stop the exploitation of forests and grazing in them. To visit the Sundarban park, you need to go to the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, to visit Parjatan (state tourism office). Here, a wealthy client can arrange an individual tour: by plane - to the regional city of Jessore, by limousine - to the Khulna regional center and by speedboat - from Mongkla. But it's cheaper to take a boat to Khulna (a first-class cabin ticket on an old paddle steamer costs $20). Having received permission to visit the national park in triplicate, you can go further - to Mongkla (40 km along the highway and two ferry crossings). And then change the previously issued permit for a pass (two copies) to the park, pledging to fulfill all the reserved instructions: do not scare crocodiles, do not drive monkeys, do not hunt tigers. The path to the territory of the protected area lies on the water, and this is for the best. The coast of the park area is completely covered with mangroves and sundari thickets, you can’t go deep into the forest. Crocodiles rule here. Where there is a passage from the river to the bank, free from mangroves and sundari, someone is sure to graze: either a herd of spotted deer, or a herd of wild boars, or all together or with monkeys. At the Nilkamal pier, where the Bay of Bengal begins, on a small "island" there are three services at once and a pilot hotel, where there are places for tourists. In the grove there is an observation deck from where you can fearlessly observe the life of the jungle. About two thousand visitors visit the Sundarbans every year. They are mostly Europeans, Americans, less often Japanese, there were also a few Russians. In addition to the Sundarbans, the tiger also lives in the first national park in India - Corbetta. The first protected areas were organized in India around 300 BC. e. With the change in the administrative structure of the country - the liquidation of principalities and the creation of states - many princely reserves were transformed into state reserves. In 1934, the National Parks Act was passed, at the same time the first Haley National Park in India was created, named after the governor of the United Provinces. A year later, the first All India Wildlife Conservation Conference was held (one of the active organizers of this forum was the writer Jim Corbett). In 1956, Haley Park became known as the J. Corbett National Park. This park is located 250 km from Delhi and covers an area of 52,5 thousand hectares. The protected area covers the foothills and the lower part of the southern slopes of the Himalayas with the valley of the Ramganga River. Once this region was inaccessible. Now only the last kilometers of the dirt road are insurmountable during the rainy season (from June to October). The park is rich in animals and sandalwood, highly valued for its dense and beautiful wood. Tigers are especially protected in the park. To meet the tiger, curious tourists are advised to go looking for it on elephantback across the wide floodplain. For an hour, maybe two, you have to look ahead on a wide path before you spot a tiger. In the morning or evening, the beast can be seen near the river itself. Two species of crocodiles live in the Ramganga River, fish are found. Deer and monkeys can be seen on rocky cliffs and rocks. It is found in the park axis, bright-spotted deer, pig deer close to axis, sloth bear, goral and wild elephants. The forests of Corbetta Park are full of birds (bulbyu-lei, timelius, pigeons). Author: Yudina N.A.
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