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Seli - these are mud-stone streams rushing along the slopes of mountains, channels of mountain streams and rivers down into the valleys, and destroying everything in their path that interferes with their movement. This is one of the most dangerous natural disasters.

In mountain gorges, blockages of stones, rubble and pieces of ice or snow dams often appear. With the rapid melting of the glacier, water can accumulate in front of such obstacles, finding no way out, it forms a reservoir, or a lake. Such mountain lakes near natural moraine dams - deposits of hard rocks, small gravel, sand, clay, large boulders, as well as ice and snow - are called moraine lakes. Dams made of moraine material, like a swollen sponge, are saturated with water. Under the pressure of all the melt water coming from above, at some point they suddenly "explode" and rush down the slope of the gorge. A terrible stream with a monstrous roar rolls down, absorbing more and more masses of stones, dirt, cutting off the surface of the slopes of the gorge, uprooting trees, tearing off the soil, showering mountains. At first, the height of the stream is tens of meters, but, breaking out of the gorge into the valley, it spreads, the height and speed of its movement gradually decrease, and, finally, it stops completely at some obstacle.

If a village or a whole city is on the way of the mudflow, as was the case in Alma-Ata in 1921, then the consequences can be catastrophic, with human casualties and huge material losses. In 1921, 1 m200 of material brought by the mudflow fell on the sleeping city at night, which literally filled up the city in a strip of 000 m wide.

Mudflows occur after heavy rains, as well as during intensive melting of glaciers and accumulation of snow in the mountains. Thus, this phenomenon, although it cannot be considered purely meteorological, is related to the weather. In different regions, mudflows can be caused by very different, sometimes directly opposite in nature, weather conditions: from cloudy and rainy, cyclonic, to clear, dry and hot, typical of anticyclones or thermal depressions.

Mudflows are observed everywhere in mountainous regions, especially where there is a lot of precipitation and there is no or very little vegetation, for example, certain regions of the Caucasus, a number of regions in the Far East. Mudflows are frequent in Tajikistan - a typical mountainous republic, on the territory of which there are very high mountains - the Pamirs and the spurs of the Tien Shan. Mudflows occur here almost every spring, when snow melts in the mountains and numerous glaciers wake up from their winter sleep (and there are more than two thousand of them in Tajikistan). At this time, the land on the slopes of the mountains is abundantly saturated with moisture. and it is enough for heavy rain to cause mudflows. The last case of strong and numerous mudflows in Tajikistan was noted in May 1979, when unusually strong downpours with hail took place, which gave rise to destructive mudflows, from which bridges, roads, and irrigation canals were damaged. Fortunately, there were no human casualties.

Mudflow hazardous areas should be under the supervision of specialists, the most dangerous areas should be controlled from the air with the help of helicopters.

In addition, and most importantly, effective anti-mudflow barriers and artificial diversion channels are being built. Thus, in Tajikistan alone, the length of concrete channels for the removal of mud and stone flows from industrial and agricultural facilities is more than 400 km. In 1966, in the Alma-Ata region, in the Medeo tract, directed explosions created a protective dam of stone and earth with a volume of 2,5 million tons, which blocked the gorge leading from the mountains to the capital of Kazakhstan. In July 1973, this artificial obstacle saved the city from a mudflow of unprecedented power, as well as from water rushing down the gorge after the mudflow. Thus, the possibilities of engineering and technical means of combating mudflows and the importance of scientific research for solving this problem as a whole were demonstrated.

Signs of an impending mudflow are most often a sharp increase in the water level in rivers and speeches. Changing the color of the water. But often the mudflow collapses suddenly, sweeping away everything in its path. Places where mudflows often occur can be easily identified by the accumulation of mud, stones, rubble in mountain valleys and at the foot of the slopes.

There is only one salvation - climbing the slope of the valley, and it is better to climb keeping the inner side of the bends of the rivers, because. mudflow along the outer side rises higher and produces more destruction there. The best defense against mudflow is prevention. In river valleys, do not stop close to water. When moving in gorges, always keep in mind the way up. Watch the weather.

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