The battery is charged when a potential is applied to it that exceeds its voltage. The battery charge current is proportional to the difference between the applied voltage and the open circuit voltage.
The charge rate of a battery can be defined in terms of capacity. If the battery capacity C is charged in time t, then the charge rate is determined by the ratio C/t. A battery with a capacity of 100 Ah, when discharged at a rate of C / 5, will be completely discharged in 5 hours, while the discharge current will be 100/5, or 20 A. If the battery is charged at a rate of C / 10, then its charge current will be 100/10, or 10 A.
The charge rate can be estimated in cycle times. So, if the battery is charged in 5 hours, then it is said that it has a cycle of 5 hours. Batteries can be charged in various ways depending on the application. Fast charge requires 4 to 6 hours, while normal discharge time varies from 10 to 15 hours.
Cyclic charging requires a constant voltage or constant charge current. Sometimes a floating charge is used (floating charge is a method of maintaining a rechargeable battery at full charge by applying a selected constant voltage to compensate for various losses in it), during which the load and the battery are switched on in parallel, or compensation charging (compensation charging is a method in which to bring battery to a fully charged state and maintaining it in this state using constant current charging) when DC power is supplied to the load while the battery charging circuit is not connected to the load.
In practice, a quick charge of the battery (up to 90% capacity) is most often used, followed by automatic switching to a lower charge rate (up to full capacity).
Recovery of passivated batteries
As a result of improper use of batteries, their plates are passivated and fail. Nevertheless, a method is known for restoring such batteries with an asymmetric current (with a ratio of the charging and discharging components of the current of 10 : 1 and a ratio of the pulse durations of these components of 1 : 2). This method allows you to activate the surface of the plates of old batteries and carry out preventive maintenance of serviceable ones [4].
The battery is charged until abundant gas evolution (boiling) occurs in all banks, and the voltage and density of the electrolyte are constant for two hours in a row. This is a sign of the end of the charge. Then, the density of the electrolyte in the sections should be equalized and the charge should be continued for another 30 minutes for better mixing.
While charging the battery, periodically check the temperature of the electrolyte to ensure that it does not rise above 45oC in cold and temperate climates and above 50oC in hot and warm humid areas.
Since hydrogen is released when charging acid batteries, charge the battery in a well-ventilated area, and do not smoke or use open flames. The resulting explosive mixture has great destructive power.
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