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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Oat seed. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Oats, Avena sativa. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Oatmeal Family: Cereals (Poaceae) Origin: Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia Area: Oats are spread all over the world Chemical composition: The main nutrient of the plant is carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose), it also contains proteins, fats, fiber, B and E vitamins, minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, etc.) Economic value: Oats are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, feed and textile industries. The plant is grown as a fodder crop for livestock, poultry, as well as for the production of flour, porridge and other food products. Oats are also used for the production of cosmetic and medicinal products. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient Celtic traditions, oats were a symbol of earth and fertility. In medieval Europe, oats were used to make medicinal decoctions and as an antidote for poisoning. In traditional medicine, oats are used to improve the functioning of the digestive system and lower blood cholesterol levels. The symbolic meaning of oats is associated with nutrition and health. It is a symbol of vitality and energy, as well as health and well-being. In some cultures, oats are associated with wealth and abundance, as well as spiritual food and the growth of spirituality.
Oats, Avena sativa. Description, illustrations of the plant Oats, Avena sativa L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
Annual herbaceous plant 50-100 cm high. Stem erect, knotty. Leaves linear, flat, hairless. The flowers are collected in a paniculate inflorescence. The fruit is a membranous caryopsis. Blooms in June-August. The homeland of oats is Northern China. In Europe, oats have been known since the Bronze Age. Oats are a secondary crop. At first, it littered crops of wheat and barley. When moving north, being more hardy, oats displaced them from crops and gradually entered the culture. In the southern regions with an arid climate, oats are much less common, as they are moisture-loving. Oats are a valuable food and fodder crop. In terms of fat content, it is superior to grains of other cereals. It contains a lot of proteins, starch, fiber. Found a large number of B vitamins, choline, phosphorus, magnesium; there is fluorine, chromium, manganese, zinc, sulfur. The grain is especially rich in vitamin B1, iron, sodium and calcium. Since ancient times, oats have been used for various diseases. A decoction of oat grains is used as a diuretic, choleretic and tonic; they treat children for scrofula. Mucous decoctions of wholemeal oatmeal are very popular. They are used for acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, anemia, viral hepatitis, enterocolitis, and lead poisoning. An infusion of oat grains is recommended as a means of lowering blood sugar. Not only grain enjoys a good reputation among the people. Baths made from decoction of oat straw, especially with the addition of oak bark, have a good effect on rheumatism, sweating of the feet. Oats are widely used in the treatment of skin diseases. A decoction of unpeeled oats is used to treat eczema and diathesis in children. At the same time, oatmeal broths, soups, cereals are included in the diet. The ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and B vitamins in oats is so optimal that it makes it indispensable in dietary nutrition. This is due to the special qualities of oat proteins. Oat proteins are rich in essential amino acids - cystine, lysine, arginine, tyrosine and tryptophan. By the number of these amino acids, they are in first place among the proteins of other cereal plants. It has been established that regular consumption of oatmeal reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood, which is useful in atherosclerosis. Oat grain is processed into cereals, flakes, flour, oatmeal. All products are extremely useful. And yet the fodder value of oats prevails. Grain, green mass, straw are used for fattening all kinds of animals. It is not for nothing that 1 kg of oat grain is taken as a feed value equivalent (feed unit). Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Oats. Legends, the birthplace of the plant, the history of distribution
In ancient times, spikelets of oats, covered with hairs, clung to animal hair, to the feet of pedestrians and began to travel. Many of these unwitting "tramps", according to scientists, came to us from the distant African country of Ethiopia. Sowing oats began much later than wheat and barley. And it is no coincidence: good bread did not work out of his grain. People appreciated this plant when they began to tame the horse. It turned out that the best food for her is oats. More recently, a horse was an indispensable assistant to a person: they plowed on it, delivered mail, carried passengers and heavy loads. The army also could not do without these smart and hardy animals - they helped out both cavalrymen and artillerymen. Already the ancient Romans, Carthaginians, Arabs needed large stocks of oats to feed their numerous cavalry. And they began to grow it intensively. Today, tractors, cars, trains and planes have replaced horses everywhere. But oats have not ceased to be sown: it is fed to many domestic animals. In addition, oats have many other valuable qualities, because of which it is still considered a useful plant. Oats are very unpretentious - they can grow both in the south and near the Arctic Circle. Any climate is suitable for him, any soil is suitable - there would be enough moisture. They say about oats: "Throw him into the mud - he will be a prince." The plant is valued not only for its endurance, but also for the high nutritional value of the grain. It has a lot of protein, fats, vitamins. Therefore, they try to feed children with oatmeal: they grow faster from oatmeal, recover well after illness. Very nutritious and flakes "Hercules", made from oat grains. They were called "Hercules" for a reason. The legend tells that once upon a time there lived an amazing hero who had no equal in strength. One on one, he entered the battle with wild animals and terrible monsters. And he defeated them. The ancient Greeks called the hero Hercules, and the Romans called Hercules. Porridge, boiled from oatmeal, as if says to the baby: "Make friends with me - and you will become strong, like a legendary hero." Author: Osipov N.F.
Oats. Interesting plant facts
Among the most ancient - among the Egyptians and Indians - he was not listed at all in the lexicon. The Romans, it seems, spoke of him for the first time. Approximately two centuries BC. Scolded in every way. "You are weeding, try to pull out the oats!" Cato advised. "If you see oats in the field - consider it a lost cause!" Cicero echoed him later. The poet Virgil even composed verses on this occasion, which sounded something like this: "And the harvest deceived us with barren oats ..." Pliny the Elder, a famous Roman scientist, spoke most decisively already in the first century: "The most important defect of bread is oats!" But why the vice and where this annoying plant came from, how it ended up on the Roman fields - remained unclear. A thousand years have passed. And for several more centuries. The XNUMXth century has come. They already ate oatmeal with might and main, and fed the horses, but there was no more information about oats. Many have tried to solve the oatmeal problem. No less respectable men than Cato and Cicero. Glorious Carl Linnaeus. The most prominent biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. And the creator of plant geography A. Dekandol. No one was lucky. Only Academician N. I. Vavilov was honored to lift the veil of ignorance. The history of this event is as follows. Persia, 1916 Academician Vavilov leads an expedition of botanists past Armenian villages. Their inhabitants moved here during the reign of Abbas the Great from Turkish Armenia and took with them their usual culture - spelt wheat. It has been sown for three centuries in a row, although no one else in Persia grows it. Spelled is an atavism in agriculture. Anachronism. Dying culture. Held only by the force of tradition. Moreover, the taste and aroma of the bread that is baked. And especially porridge. It was these scraps of spelled fields that intrigued the academician. In the thick of wheat ears, he noticed gray panicles of oats. They are repeated in each field as a pattern, as an indispensable attribute. Oats - known since childhood "horse bread" - grows here not as a legitimate field crop, not as a respected grain plant, but as a weed, persecuted and despised. Like sow thistle or wheatgrass. At first, it seemed to Vavilov that oats were the most common, sowing. Looks closer - no, not exactly the same. There are differences. And a lot. Panicle, like a mane, beveled to one side. Also short. The scales of the spikelets and flowers, on the contrary, are long, exorbitantly elongated. Nothing but special, new forms. Immediately thought: oats of Armenian fields - an accidental whim of nature? The only phenomenon in the world? Or is oats a constant companion of spelt on the globe? The latter was soon confirmed. Weed oats were found in the crops of spelt in the Simbirsk province, near Ufa and Kazan. Here, too, oats looked like a cultivated species, but differed in appearance. One was found and quite unusual. All shaggy, like velvet from many small hairs. Vavilov is eager to find out how things are in other regions, in other countries. Letters of inquiry are flying to Dagestan, to Bulgaria, to Abyssinia. Even to the Basque country on the Iberian Peninsula. Samples are sent from there to Leningrad. The pattern is repeated everywhere. Where spelled, there are oats. Very similar to the seed. And a bit different. Oats companion. Oat weed. Not always oat retinue coexists peacefully with spelt. Wheat often survives. Peasants on the Volga have long complained: "We sow spelt - we reap oats!" Frightened by the onslaught of weeds, they seriously think: is wheat really reborn into oats? Why is there so much of it? And indeed, the unfortunate spelled sometimes completely drowns in the gray rain of oatmeal panicles. The further north, the more violent the onslaught of oats becomes. The chain of events grasped by the academician leads him to a paradoxical conclusion. Oats have never been introduced into the culture. He did it himself, came with spelt and drove it out. In addition to the will of man and even contrary to this will. And another conclusion, no less stunning: our northern oats are a child of the south. Its origins, birthplace - the mountains of Abyssinia, the ridges of the Mediterranean. Different addresses, and not at all one, as the respected classics before Vavilov thought. The world appreciated all the benefits of oats much later than the merits of rice and wheat. They say that it happened thanks to the horses. When you need high-calorie feed for the cavalry. Approximately two thousand years before our era. This is hardly the case. Otherwise, why would the Romans consider oats a disaster for their fields? But the fact that horses choose oats from all dishes is a well-known fact: do not drive a horse with a whip, but drive it with oats! Wild animals valued oats no lower than horses. Of course, they appreciated it when they started to sow it. Mishka Toptygin especially liked the new dish. Toptygin's passion for oats is an established fact. Every hunter knows that it is easier to get a bear and most likely on the edge of an oat field in autumn. And many shamefully take advantage of this weakness of the clubfoot, killing him not in a fair fight, but stealthily, from around the corner. Toptygin won't eat that much. Not much and trample. But it is interesting to watch him at this time. A shaggy bear rolls out on oats usually at night. Crushes brittle stems. Sucks pouring panicles. A disheveled back sways noisily over the herbage. The rustle stands in the oats, as if it were raining or the wind was blowing the panicles. Naturalist A. Onegov, who lived among bears for two years and managed to gain confidence in them, says that one bear went to oats openly, without hiding and not paying attention to either livestock or people. “She came out of the forest, crossed the road in front of the whole village. She sat comfortably on the edge of the oat field and, sitting on her hind legs, crawled through the oats, raking in ripe panicles with her front paws and slowly sucking them.” The naturalist was also intrigued by another bear. Tracking the clubfoot on the trail, Onegov noticed that his pet was in a hurry, as if he was late for a date or was rushing on an important matter. He did not pay attention to the anthills, to which the big hunter, bypassed the thickets of ripe lingonberries. Finally, the tracks led to a large clearing. Toptygin walked around the clearing, leaned on it as if he had lost something, and, turning abruptly, disappeared into a nearby ravine. After weighing the circumstances, the naturalist realized what was the matter. Oats were sown in the meadow before. This year people have left. The field remained unsown. The mouse could not know this. He showed up at the appointed hour to enjoy the oats and was dismayed not to find his favorite twigs. And here is how another witness from the city of Nelidovo describes Toptygin’s oatmeal meal: “Having grabbed a bunch of stems with his paw, he pulled them up to himself, took them into his mouth and dragged the panicles through his teeth, tearing off the grains with a crack. snorted and closed his eyes in pleasure. However, is there really only one clubfoot lover of oats? In autumn, heavy capercaillie and black grouse rise from the oat fields. Their goiters are tightly stuffed with grain. Rodents do not sleep either. And not by accident. There is much more fat in oats than in wheat, rye and any other cereal. Five or six percent. More than milk. No wonder oatmeal is so satisfying. Or maybe the passion of animals for oats should be explained not only by fat content? The first to understand this, it seems, were the British. They noticed that turkeys fed on oats were much more valuable in the market than those fed on other grains - wheat, barley or corn. We checked what was wrong. It turned out that their meat acquires a special taste and incomparable aroma, which does not happen with any other food.
Oats do not affect different birds in the same way. Chickens that don't get oats start pulling out their feathers. Sometimes they even become cannibals. It is worth putting them on an oatmeal diet, and immediately everything is back to normal. It turns out that oats contain some substances that are very necessary for all living creatures. Which ones are still unknown. It is not for nothing that people with diseased bronchi are prescribed to drink a decoction of oats in milk. And the disease recedes. Only the grain must be whole. With scales. One naturalist recalled that a parrot, which he kept in a cage, greeted him with joyful cries if the owner approached him with a bunch of green oats. Even tropical birds were inspired by love for our northern cereal. At a certain Belgian, two budgies flew out of the cage and disappeared into the thick of the trees of a nearby park. The search yielded no results. Meanwhile, as it turned out later, they did not die, but survived. And even the chicks were brought out. In autumn, the whole noisy company was found in an oat field, where they found shelter and high-calorie food. Feathers like not only grain. And the leaves too. Especially the geese. Goose geese wintering in the Caspian seem to like oat greens more than other grasses. When the number of birds began to decrease, ornithologists tried to sow oats. This had its effect. Greenery sprang up, and the geese were again drawn to the Caspian. And yet, the second place in love with oats is occupied not by black grouse and not by geese, but by hare. In the Zavidovsky hunting estate near Kalinin, the Russians were given a choice of different foods. Hanged on a rope with garlands. Rusaks chose oat sheaves. The passion for oats even sometimes overpowers the fear of the fox. They talk about such a case. A hare sits on the edge of a field and eats oats. A fox is circling nearby - catching mice. Oblique, of course, sees the fox. But it is a pity to throw sweet oats. As soon as the fox advances a little in the direction of the hare, the oblique one will run back by the same interval. Will withstand the distance - and again for food! Appreciated fatty cereal and wild boars. In Poland, where the wild boar is considered the central figure among the forest brethren, they tried to evaluate the passion of the wild boar mathematically. We compared how much more attractive oats are among other pickles. Forty thousand Polish wild boars eat oats and potatoes, which are specially grown for them. And although tubers are so nice to dig up, potatoes are visited twice as rarely. Wheat and rye quadrupled. And now let's return to the question we started with: who was the founder of cultivated, sowing oats? So far, there is no complete clarity. Academician A. Maltsev suspected that oats originated from a weed - wild oats. Only after all, the wild oat itself is still little studied. In Siberia, he appeared quite recently. Even at the beginning of the century, Siberians had no idea about him. In 1908, the journal "Northern Economy" told how the acquaintance with a new stranger took place. A certain peasant in Altai was passing through the village of Ostrovnoye and discovered that the supply of food for horses had dried up. He borrowed two pounds of oats from a local coachman. He promised to return the debt on the way back. Return something returned, but not quite what he took. The coachman received from him "a strange mixture of ordinary oats with black." Since he had never seen black-grained oats, he decided to separate the admixture from the bulk. Perhaps some special one will grow up? And so it happened. Sowed. Chernozerny immediately behaved unusually. It grew quickly, overtaking all other plants. Climbed for glory. The stems stretched out like a solid wall. They towered over the neighboring loaves for a whole palm. And when the drought came and everything around began to droop and wither, the black grain did not wither and did not wither. On the contrary, he began to keep up. ahead of schedule. Ahead of time. The coachman could not get enough of his offspring and in his heart more than once thanked the peasant who gave him unprecedented oats. I wanted to harvest. But, having come to the field, he found that the panicles were empty. Most of the grain is gone. He harvested less than he sowed. Meanwhile, the disappeared grains did not disappear. They made themselves felt in a year, in two, in ten years... Black oats began to appear in the fields not only of the coachman, but also of other peasants from the village of Ostrovnoye. Then he was seen in other villages. From there, the stranger rushed to the north, and only the Kamala River for a while held back its pressure. For three years, in general, he advanced a hundred and fifty miles and almost reached Barnaul, again running into a water barrier, this time into the Ob River. In the occupied area, black oats choked real oats, littered arable land, and drove the peasants to despair. Where the newcomer settled, they no longer dreamed of grain. It is not difficult to guess that black oats are wild oats. It is tempting to assume that the sowing oats came from wild oats. In the crops, he stays constantly. However, to prove that wild oat is the progenitor of oats is not at all easy. Outwardly, both are very similar. The leaves are painted in the same bluish color. Only the leaf blade of wild oats is turned counterclockwise. Yes, in the spikelets of each grain, a long twisted awn is given out, which the cultivated one does not have. Why does wild oat have such a long awn? To survive. Cultural oats under the human wing. under guardianship. Ovsyugu has to rely only on himself. To survive and germinate, its grains must climb into the cracks of the soil, where it is wetter. The grain will fall on a flat place where there is no gap, and then the awn helps out. It is hygroscopic. Humidity changes. The awn then twists, then unwinds. The grain moves further and further until it falls into the gap. The goal has been reached. Now the awn is no longer needed. In the spring - if you look lying on the ground - sometimes crooked awns stick out from all the cracks in the field, like the legs of grasshoppers. There is another feature that allows wild oat to survive in life's troubles. Its grains crumble, while cultivated oats do not. For this, the oats were nicknamed "we fly." It is hard to imagine what a lot of Poletaev grains spill out onto the ground in wheat or oat crops. Up to 70 million pieces per hectare! 7000 per square meter. Even if one seed out of twenty germinates, three hundred stems will rise. No wonder that in 1961 almost 90 tons of wild oats were brought to the procurement centers in Western Siberia. Along with grain, of course. Where does it come from, fly? Some agronomists were inclined to think that oats and even ... wheat generate it. After all, the longer they cultivate bread in one field, the more wild oats. They began to check the ears and in 1953 they found oat grain in a spikelet of wheat. Then they found two ears of wheatgrass, each also containing an oat grain. The Czech scientist A. Klechka found a weevil flew in a rye ear ... If indeed all cereal grains breed wild oat, then it is unlikely that it will be easy to wipe out a noxious weed from the world. In fact, in the best farms, wild oats have completely survived from the fields. And no one gave birth to him after them. Not rye, not oats, not wheat. And here it is useful to recall one old article that the grain grower I. Zhukovsky wrote about this back in 1913. Zhukovsky also found oat grains in ears of wheat. Reflecting on the reasons for such a strange neighborhood, he drew attention to one fact that did not catch the eye of any agronomist of that time. Oatmeal was not found in any wheat at all. In idleness - yes. In the spinous - no! Why? After all, the spinous gives birth to its own, wheat grains. Why not do the same with oatmeal? What's with the awns? And Zhukovsky draws the right conclusion. In this confusing story, wheat awns are to blame for everything. Let us assume that an oat grain was not born in a wheat ear, but flew in from the side (no wonder - fly!). In this case, wheat awns will not allow it to penetrate into the ear. But defrosted wheat has no such barrier. The oatmeal weevil lands there and, with the help of its own curved, cranked spine and under the influence of dew, rain and sun, Zhukovsky adds, squeezes through, makes its way to the very spikelet stem. Try now to prove that it did not grow here! So the wild oats misled inexperienced owners. A clear fit of wild oats to the environment for many botanists began to seem truly limitless. It was worth, say, not to leave the field for fallow, as wild oats appeared in such great abundance, in such an unthinkable multitude, that they began to oppress not only wheat, but also itself! His rapid aggression in the fields began to be explained by long-distance flights of grains at the behest of the wind. Again remembered the nickname - fly. The Egyptian botanist M. Farghali was especially successful in this. In 1940 he studied the dispersal of seeds by the wind in the desert. Chose 65 plants. Ovsyug was among his champions of distant wanderings. What was the embarrassment when it turned out that the opposite was true. Could it be that Farghali carried out the experiments inaccurately? Or maybe he did not conduct them, but took advantage of other people's data? Apparently, he did not know that Academician A. Maltsev had made special observations ten years earlier. The wind blew, whistled and howled, and the oat grains, falling off the panicles, fell almost next to the mother stalk. And they didn't go anywhere. Maltsev's conclusion turned out to be very important for practice. Many peasants at that time gave up when the fly appeared. Don't fight, it will still come from the side! Maltsev said firmly: "Eradicate! And do not be afraid, it will not fly from the neighboring field!" I foresee the question: how can this last statement by Maltsev be reconciled with the story that happened to the coachman? How did the "black oats" settle for one and a half hundred miles in the district in three years? Did the wind help him? Maltsev, who spoke about this incident, did not indicate the reason. However, it's easy to guess. It was not the wind that helped, but the man. Even if the wind had carried away the grains in flight, it would not have been able to transfer them hundreds of miles away. In our ordinary pine, the seeds, having excellent wings, from the thirty-meter tower of the mother tree, with the assistance of the wind in an open clearing, fly away only ... a hundred meters, and even more often fifty! Where can I fly here with its half-meter height. So, no matter how skillfully the flyer has adapted to a difficult life situation, he cannot live without the help of a person. He needs the assistance of the peasant. At least the fact that he plows the ground. It creates gaps and cracks in it, into which the wild oat grain can climb. Throw a handful of oatmeal on hard virgin soil. They will die ingloriously, because they are not able to drill and cut into virgin soil. Another thing is wild oats. The lower end of the grain is sharp, like an awl. The longest awn. The awn catches on the grass, sticks into the ground with an awl and is screwed in like a corkscrew. Some savages even have two awns. Unwinding, intersecting with each other. At the same time, one of them slips. There is a push, and the grain is hammered into the ground in the same way as modern machines drive piles into the foundation of a future building. Such self-cultivating oats can sow themselves even on trampled roadsides and pastures trampled down by horses' hooves. It is easier for wild oats to fight off all kinds of animals. Academician A. Maltsev, the best connoisseur of oats in the world, has collected a collection of different varieties in the Voronezh province. In the famine years after the civil war, mice constantly robbed his treasury. Grains of wild oats lay right there. The "robbers" did not touch them. But back to oatmeal. Chemists could not find a herbicide for it for a long time. Too close to cultural, sowing oats. To kill wild oats meant to kill the oats growing in the neighborhood. Finally found what you want. And the poison poured on the arable fields. And meanwhile, it seems possible to do without such drastic measures. At least, the agronomist N. Artyukov, a connoisseur of wild oat, considers it mismanagement to destroy the excellent fodder grass of wild oat. He advises getting rid of the weed with a rather simple technique. They do so. Yellow sweet clover is sown under the canopy of grain crops. After the harvest, the field is harrowed crosswise. Oatmeal is starting to grow. He is not exterminated. On the contrary, they are fed with fertilizers. And in early June, together with sweet clover, they mow for hay. And the field is freed from weeds, and even gives hay. And wild oat roots restore soil architecture. Artyukov's slogan: "Do not poison, but feed!" Author: Smirnov A.
Oats. Useful information
Bristle oats are most often distributed as an unpretentious weed plant among crops of cultivated cereals. The scientific name comes from the word "avere" - to be healthy: in the old days, many stomach diseases were treated with oatmeal, they were fed to athletes before competitions, and now they feed hunting dogs before hunting, and horses before races. Oats are found throughout Europe, in Western Siberia, in the Crimea and the Caucasus. In England and France, bristly oats are cultivated on moorlands and sands as a fodder plant. In Scotland, and now grain is often used for food. In the Scandinavian countries, it is used as a wild grain plant for the preparation of various cereals, flour jelly, soups, sauces. Empty oats are very similar to bristly oats, but are somewhat smaller. When ripe, the grain is easily threshed. When cleaning grains of cultivated oats, grains of empty oats (oats) are often collected in large quantities. They are peeled and crushed for livestock and poultry feed, to obtain a nutritious and tasty cereal. Porridge from this cereal is soft, crumbly, without an unpleasant aftertaste, which distinguishes cereals from cultivated oats. In Asia Minor (Iraq, Persia, Afghanistan), oatmeal porridge used to be fed to knights and wrestlers before important competitions. Author: Reva M.L.
Oats, Avena sativa. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Oats, Avena sativa. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Oats (Avena sativa) is an annual plant used as a fodder crop and as a source of dietary fiber. Cultivation:
Preparation and storage:
Sowing oats are used in fodder production for feeding livestock and poultry. Rolled oats, flour and bran are food products and are used to prepare various dishes such as oatmeal and bread.
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