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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Elder black. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Black elder, Sambucus nigra. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Sambucus Family: Adoxaceae (Muscovy) Origin: The black elder comes from Europe and Asia. Area: Black elderberry is common in temperate climatic zones throughout Europe and Asia. It grows in forests, meadows and on roadsides. Chemical composition: Black elder contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, essential oils, as well as vitamin C and carotenoids. Black elderberries are used in cooking and pharmacology. Economic value: Black elderberry is widely used medicinally, especially to treat colds, flu, and other respiratory ailments. Its berries are used to make syrups, jams, compotes and other desserts. In addition, black elderberry is popular in landscape design for creating hedges and decorating gardens and parks. Legends, myths, symbolism: In European culture, black elderberry is often associated with death and magic. It is said that the elder was a plant used by sorcerers and sorceresses for their secret rites. In some cultures, elderberry was also considered the spirit of the forest and a protector from evil forces. In Norse mythology, the elder was associated with the goddess Hel, goddess of death and the underworld. It is said that the elderberry was a plant that was used to create magical staves that helped Hel control the souls of the dead. In this context, the elder tree symbolized death and the transition to another world. In Celtic mythology, the black elderberry was associated with the goddess Mabon, the goddess of spring and rebirth. It is said that elderberry was a plant that helped Mabon wake up from hibernation and return to life. In this context, the elder symbolized life and rebirth. Symbolically, the black elderberry can serve as a symbol of death, magic and protection. She can also serve as a symbol of transition and change as she goes through cycles of growth and then dies. In addition, the black elder can serve as a symbol of wisdom, as it has been used in many folk crafts and medicines.
Black elder, Sambucus nigra. Description, illustrations of the plant Elder black. Legends, myths, history
One of the old pan-European legends says that a certain nobleman, hunting in a dense forest, lagged behind his retinue, got lost and went to a lonely hut, where a weeping old man was sitting. When asked about the reason for the tears, the old man complained that his father had beaten him painfully, because he, carrying his grandfather in his arms, had dropped him. The surprised nobleman went into the house and saw there two even more ancient elders. Struck by what he saw, he began to ask the old people how they managed to live to such respectable years. And they said that they live all their lives in the forest, cultivate the land, and eat mainly bread, milk and cheese. And they always use black elderberries in their food, to which they owe their longevity. People have noticed this tree for a long time, and have known its beneficial properties since ancient times. Black elderberry was especially loved by the Germans, Danes, Poles, and Czechs. This is reflected in the folklore of these peoples: their proverbs, fairy tales, customs. How can one not recall here, inspired by folk life, not too well-known, the fairy tale of G. X. Andersen "Elder grandmother", in which a cold was treated with elderberry infusion. Among all the peoples of the center of Europe, the elder was revered as a sacred tree, contributing to the extension of life, making it possible to know the future. The fruits and flowers of elderberry were widely used among the people as food and medicinal raw materials. An infusion is prepared from the flowers: 2 teaspoons per glass of boiling water. Insist, covering with a blanket for half an hour. Use hot for a quarter cup 3-4 times a day, as a diaphoretic, or half a glass at night, with sore throat, flu, colds. The infusion can be prepared according to the recipe: 5 g of dried flowers are poured into 200 ml of boiling water and boiled in a water bath for 15 minutes, then cooled for 45 minutes, filtered, and brought to the original volume. Take in a warm form, 1/2 - 1/3 cup 2-3 times a day. The flowers can be used to make medicinal honey. To do this, a liter jar is loosely stuffed with flowers without peduncles, poured with syrup of 500 g of sugar and 600 ml of boiled water, insisted for 2 days, boiled for 20 minutes, and then filtered through a fine sieve. Such honey is added to tea for colds, flu, sore throats, they drink it for prevention at night. Author: Martyanova L.M.
Elder black. Description of the plant, area, cultivation, application
Grows in deciduous and coniferous forests, forms thickets in places. When cultivated, it often runs wild. Beautiful perennial, branched shrub 2-6 m high or tree up to 8 m high. Likes moist soil. The bark of young branches is light gray, silvery, smooth, the old ones are furrowed. In early spring, the plant is covered with delicate light green leaves, darkening as they grow, an unpleasant odor when rubbed. In May - June, the branches are decorated with umbrella-shaped panicles of inflorescences of yellowish-white multiple flowers of a pleasant smell. As the flowering fades, the branches turn red, covered with green berries that ripen in August - September. Ripe berries are black-violet, the pulp is juicy, inside 3-4 flat seeds. Elder bark contains essential oil, sugar, alkaloids, tannins, pectin, acids, etc.; fruits - anthocyanin compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, dye sambucin (during hydrolysis gives glucose, rhamnose, cyanidin), sugars, mucus, proteins, wax, gum, tannins, organic acids (tartaric, malic), traces of volatile acids (valeric , acetic), ascorbic acid, mineral salts, provitamin A, essential oil, bitterness, resins, flowers - flavonoid glycoside rutin, organic acids (valeric, coffee, acetic, chlorogenic, etc.), traces of essential oil. The glycoside sambucinigrin, which cleaves hydrocyanic acid, is found only in fresh flowers; when dried, it disappears. The leaves contain glycosides, vitamin C, provitamin A, essential oil, resins. For economic purposes, after removing the core, musical instruments (pipes, peepers, beeps) are made from hollow elderberry stalks, and special clamps for thin sections during histological studies are made from the core. Toys, turning products, crafts are made from solid wood. Flowers and small fragrant inflorescences are used in the perfume industry to flavor creams, soaps, colognes, toilet water. From elderberries you can get purple or blue dye for fabrics and paper, from the juice of berries - ink. The fruits wash the dirt off the hands well. Clusters of inflorescences clean copper utensils (samovars, basins, boilers, taps, handles, etc.). Flowers and young fragrant inflorescences give a nutmeg smell to cognac, alcoholic beverages, improve their taste and color. The bark of young twigs is used to fight mosquitoes, moths, flies. The fruits and flowers of black elderberry are used in nutrition. Ripe fruits are edible. They are eaten raw, jam, jam, jelly, compote, marmalade are cooked, juices, syrups, seasonings for soups, vinegar, dye for confectionery, food products are prepared. Elder flowers are put in dough for cookies, gingerbread and other products. Black elderberry juice. 1. Rinse the fruits with cold water, pass through a juicer or squeeze with a press or through cheesecloth, add sugar, bring to a boil, pour into hot sterilized bottles or jars and pasteurize at a temperature of 90 ° C; half-liter jars - 15, liter - 20 minutes. Store in a cool place. 1 kg of black elderberries, 1 kg of sugar. 2. Rinse and blanch elderberries for 5 minutes. When the water drains, crush the fruits with a wooden pestle, squeeze out the juice, add sugar, bring to a boil, pour into hot sterilized bottles or jars and cork with sterilized lids and corks. Store in a cool place. 1 kg of black elderberries, 400 g of sugar. Black elderberry syrup. Steam the elderberry fruits in the oven or oven, squeeze out the juice, add sugar, water, boil for 10 minutes, pour into hot sterilized jars and pasteurize at a temperature of 90 ° C; half-liter cans - 10, liter - 20, three-liter -30 minutes. Seal banks. 1 kg of elderberries, 1 kg of sugar, 500 ml of water. Black elderberry drink. 1. Pour the fruits with water, bring to a boil, add sugar, stir until completely dissolved and strain. 50 g dried or 150 g fresh elderberries, 500 ml water, sugar to taste. 2. Boil dried elderberries until softened, squeeze out the juice, add honey. Drink hot like tea. 25 g of dried elderberry fruits, 500 ml of water, honey to taste. Black elderberry compote. Mix elderberries with any other berries, apples, pears, plums, blanch for 5-10 minutes. Put the mixture into hot sterilized jars, pour hot sugar syrup, cover with lids and sterilize: half-liter jars - 15, liter - 20, three-liter - 30 minutes. Seal banks. 1 kg of elderberries, 1 kg of fruit, 1 liter of water, sugar to taste. Kissel from black elderberry. Boil elderberries for 15 minutes, drain the broth, mash the berries, pour water again, boil for 5-10 minutes, strain. Combine decoctions, add sugar, citric acid, starch diluted with cold water, bring to a boil. From the pulp, you can cook compote, marshmallow, stuffing for pies, pancakes. 75 g of dried elderberries, 150 g of sugar, 40 g of potato starch, 1-2 g of citric acid, 1 liter of water. Black elderberry jam. Pass the elderberries through a meat grinder, add sugar, water and cook over low heat until the consistency of jam. 1 kg of elderberries, 400 ml of water, 1 kg of sugar. Black elderberry jelly. In elderberry syrup (see recipe), add water, dissolved gelatin, sugar (can be without sugar), cook for 10-15 minutes, strain, pour into cups, cool. Drizzle with whipped cream before serving. 1 st. a spoonful of elderberry syrup, 25 g of gelatin, 200 ml of water, sugar, cream to taste. Black elderberry jam. Dip ripe fruits in boiling 80% sugar syrup and cook over low heat until tender. 1 kg of elderberries, 800 g of sugar, 200 ml of water. Pastila from black elderberry. Rinse the fruits, squeeze the juice. Mix the pulp with sugar, boil over low heat for 15 minutes, spread on a baking sheet with a layer of 1-1,5 cm, dry in a warm oven, stove or in the air, cut into pieces, sprinkle with powdered sugar. 1 kg elderberry pulp, 800 g sugar, 100 g powdered sugar. Black elderberry puree. Rinse elderberries with cold water, blanch for 3-5 minutes, drain, grind with a wooden pestle, add sugar, stir, bring to a boil. Arrange the puree in sterilized jars, cover with lids and pasteurize at a temperature of 85 ° C: half-liter jars - 15, liter - 25 minutes. Store in a dark, cool place. 1 kg of elderberries, sugar to taste. Black elderberry seasoning. Grind dried elderberries in a coffee grinder. Add to meat and fish dishes, broths, sauces, gravies. Store in a glass container in a cool place.
In folk medicine, black elderberry is used in the treatment of many diseases. The fruits have a diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, weak laxative effect; bark - diuretic; flowers - diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic action. Infusion of black elderberry flowers. Infuse 40 g of elder flowers in 400 ml of boiling water for 30 minutes, then strain. Drink 200 ml 2 times a day hot for colds. Infusion of black elderberry bark. Steep 6-8 g of elderberry bark or 4-5 g of bark powder in 500 ml of boiling water in a thermos for 5-6 hours, strain. Drink 100 ml 5-6 times a day for edema, inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. Infusion of elder fruits. Infuse 10 g of dried elderberries in 200 ml of chilled boiled water for 2 hours, then strain. Drink 150-200 ml once a day for constipation. Herbal infusion with black elderberry. Mix 20 g of elder flowers, mallow, sage leaves thoroughly. Infuse 20 g of the mixture in 200 ml of boiling water, strain. Use for rinsing the mouth and throat with inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane. A decoction of the collection of herbs with black elderberry. The same amount of elderberry flowers, sage leaves, peppermint, mix thoroughly. Boil 40 g of the mixture over low heat for 5-10 minutes in 250 ml of water, strain. Drink hot before bed for acute respiratory diseases, colds, flu, bronchitis. Black elderberry is part of the diaphoretic tea. Contraindications have not been established. Harvest flowers, mature fruits without stalks, black elderberry bark. The flowers are harvested during flowering. Whole inflorescences are cut off and immediately dried in the shade, laying out a thin layer on the bedding. After drying, thresh or rub through a sieve. Dried raw materials of spicy smell, sweetish taste. The fruits are harvested ripe in August - September. Whole bunches are plucked or cut, laid out in a thin layer, dried in air, and then dried in dryers, ovens, ovens, at a temperature of 60-65 ° C. Dried fruits are separated from twigs, stalks. They are round-elongated, wrinkled, black-purple on the outside, dark red inside, slightly aromatic smell, sour-sweet taste, with a slimy feeling. The bark is harvested from two-year-old branches in early spring before sap flow, cleaned of glands, scraped off the upper gray layer, separated from the core and dried in dryers, ovens, ovens at a temperature of 65-70 ° C. Flowers and fruits are stored in bags, bales in a dry, cool, well-ventilated area, on racks accessible for regular inspection. The raw material does not tolerate dampness, quickly absorbs moisture, becomes moldy, loses its medicinal qualities. The shelf life of fruits is 6 months, bark - 3 years, flowers - up to 2 years. Black elderberry lends itself well to cultivation. It is bred vegetatively by basal offspring. It is planted along roads, railway embankments, fences, along the banks of rivers and other bodies of water. The plant is unpretentious, does not require special care, gives large yields. Authors: Alekseychik N.I., Vasanko V.A.
Black elderberry, Sambucus nigra L. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use
Honeysuckle family - Caprifoliaceae. Shrub or small tree 2-6 m high with ash-gray longitudinally fissured bark on old trunks and gray-brown with numerous yellowish lenticels on young branches. The leaves are opposite, compound, pinnate; the leaves are unequally serrated along the edge, have an unpleasant odor. The flowers are small, sympetalous, with a wheel-shaped corolla of 5 creamy-white fragrant petals, collected in apical flat corymbose-paniculate inflorescences, the rest - on pedicels, fragrant; calyx five-toothed; fruits are slimy, brown, sour-sweet berries. Blooms in May - July. The fruits ripen in August - September. It grows in the undergrowth of broad-leaved, rarely mixed and coniferous forests, on the edges, in thickets of shrubs. Natural range - Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira), North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia), the temperate zone in Asia (western and northern Iran, Turkey), almost all of Europe, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus. Introduced and established in New Zealand. In fresh leaves, the glycoside sambunigrin was found, which decomposes during the drying process into glucose, hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde, as well as ascorbic acid (0,2-0,3%), carotene (0,014%), and essential oil. The berries contain tocopherol, ascorbic acid (up to 0,05%), glucose, fructose, carotene, anthocyanin substances - sambucin, chrysanthemum, sambutyanin, tannins (0,2-0,3%), sambunigrin, amino acids (tyrosine); in seeds - up to 30% fatty oil, in flowers - semi-solid essential oil (containing tricosan, terpene, palmitic acid), as well as sambunigrin, choline, rutin, a paraffin-like substance, organic acids (valeric, palmitic, chlorogenic, coffee, acetic, malic ), mucous substances; in the bark of the branches - essential oil, phytosterol. Flowers and fruits are of interest as spicy-aromatic raw materials. Young fragrant inflorescences are added to grape must to give wine a nutmeg smell and taste, flowers are used to flavor jam, fruit and berry jelly. Adding them to the dough gives the liver an almond flavor. Flowers and fruits are used in the production of cognacs, liqueurs, wines, tinctures. Vinegar and wine, tea and coffee surrogates are obtained from ripe fruits, confectionery, syrups, jellies, jelly, seasonings for soups, ketchup are prepared from them. Young, peeled shoots are eaten boiled or pickled. When mixed with one part of dried elderberry flowers with three parts of standard Indian tea, an excellent drink is obtained, close in bouquet to the best varieties of Darjeeling tea. The medicinal properties of black elderberry have been known since the Middle Ages. In folk medicine, flowers were used for rheumatism, as an antipyretic, expectorant, wound healing, for eye diseases, migraine, urolithiasis; bark - with erysipelas; young leaves - as a diuretic and hemostatic, with atherosclerosis, as a laxative and analgesic, anti-inflammatory; berry juice - for diabetes, hepatitis, sciatica, stomach ulcers.
Elderberry is widely used in modern medicine in various countries. Infusion of flowers is used for inhalation and rinsing with laryngitis, bronchitis, influenza, respiratory diseases and bronchiectasis, in the form of tea they drink with neuralgia, as an antitussive and diaphoretic. Elderberry flowers have diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory and mild expectorant properties, they reduce the effects of sensitization of the body and reduce the permeability of the vascular walls. Good results were obtained in the treatment of myositis, neuralgia and joint diseases in the form of poultices with elderberry flowers. Extracts from the berries are used as a laxative, from the bark - as a diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative. Clinical trials of an extract from the bark of the branches have shown positive results in the treatment of kidney and heart diseases accompanied by edema; in patients, an increase in diuresis by 35-45% and a decrease in urine density were observed. Flowers, leaves and bark are used in homeopathy. Black elder has phytoncidal and insecticidal properties. It is used to combat gooseberry moth and blackcurrant bud mites. The specific smell of the plant repels mice and rats. In order to prevent damage by rodents to fruit trees, their trunks are sometimes tied with black elderberry branches. Spring-summer honey plant. Used for landscaping, there are very decorative variegated forms. From the fruits you can get olive and red dyes, from the leaves - a beautiful green dye for silk fabrics. Authors: Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V.
Black elder, Sambucus nigra. Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
A perennial shrub or small tree of the honeysuckle family with deeply furrowed bark, reaching a height of 2 to 8 m. Young branches are slightly ribbed, light gray, filled inside with a soft white core. Long (20-25 cm) odorous leaves are opposite, odd-pinnate with elliptical, oblong-ovate, irregularly large-serrated leaves on short petioles or almost sessile. Dark green above, grey-green below. Elderberry blooms in June. Creamy white small fragrant flowers are collected in many-flowered flat inflorescences up to 15-20 cm in diameter with 4-5 main branches. The fruits are black-violet shiny drupes (5-7 mm in diameter), collected in large clusters. The fruits are sweet and sour in taste, with juicy red-violet flesh, with two to four brown ovoid stones. They ripen in August and remain on the branches for a long time after the leaves have fallen. Grows among the undergrowth of broad-leaved forests in Europe, in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Western Siberia. Elderberry is also found in the thickets of old parks, near dwellings in the countryside. Elderberry is valuable both medicinally and nutritionally. For medicinal purposes, its inflorescences are used. They contain organic acids, essential oil, terpene and a glycoside with a diaphoretic effect, rutin. In berries - glucose, fructose, malic and other organic acids, tannins. Elderberry flowers also have antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and expectorant effects. An infusion of flowers is used for colds, bronchitis, diseases of the kidneys, renal pelvis, bladder, neuralgia, joint diseases, rheumatism and gout. Elder flowers are part of the charges - diaphoretic, emollient, laxative, disinfectant, mouth and throat rinse. Elderberry leaves contain resins with a laxative effect, ascorbic acid and carotene. Black elderberries are tasty and edible. They are consumed fresh, they are used to make jam, marmalade. Elderberry jelly has a slight laxative effect. Berries are also used in cooking to make compotes, fillings for pies and other preparations. Elderberry juice contains a stable, water-soluble color that can be used to color drinks and desserts pink or red. Cultivation. Elderberry can be propagated by seeds, cuttings and layering, and cuttings are more effective. Cuttings are harvested about February, tied into bunches, shifted with wet moss. Store in a tightly packed bag. The ends of the cuttings, opposite the cut, should protrude 2-5 cm from the package. In this form, they are kept under a layer of snow, and with the onset of heat - in the cellar. The soil for planting cuttings is prepared in the fall. After removing the predecessor, loosen it to a depth of 4-6 cm. After the mass germination of weeds, the soil is dug up to a depth of 30-35 cm, mineral fertilizers are applied: 20-25 g of ammonium nitrate, 25-30 g of superphosphate and 15-20 g of potassium salt per 1 m2. In early spring, a plot is harrowed and cuttings are planted at a distance of 30 cm from each other. Each cutting should have 3-4 buds, and 2-3 buds are deepened into the ground with a cutting angle of 45 ° C. The earth around the cutting is trampled down and watered. When the cuttings take root and weeds begin to appear, weeding and shallow loosening are carried out so as not to damage the still weak root system. In the future, caring for the cuttings comes down to regular watering and loosening. In the second or third year of life, well-formed bushes are seated in a permanent place. Elderberry should be planted in areas protected from the north winds. The plant is warm and photophilous. Mass flowering of elderberry in May-June, the fruits ripen in August-September. The flowers are cut at the very beginning of flowering, allowed to fade slightly, then cut off from each pedicel and quickly dried under a canopy, preventing it from darkening. Store in a tightly closed container. The fruits can be harvested in September and used fresh. Due to the fact that they stick well on the hands, they can be removed later, dried in the air, and then dried. Dry fruits are packed in linen silt and paper bags and stored in a well-ventilated area. Authors: Yurchenko L.A., Vasilkevich S.I.
Black elder, Sambucus nigra L. Botanical description, habitat and habitats, chemical composition, use in medicine and industry
Synonyms: base, buzok, pishchalnik, etc. Shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall, with gray bark, of the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). The leaves are opposite, odd-pinnate, with 5-7 lanceolate lobes, serrate along the edges. The flowers are yellowish-white, fragrant, collected in dense flat corymbose inflorescences. The fruits are black berry-like drupes with 3-4 seeds. Flowering in May-June, fruiting in July-August. Range and habitats. Natural range - Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira), North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia), the temperate zone in Asia (western and northern Iran, Turkey), almost all of Europe, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus. Introduced and established in New Zealand. Chemical composition. Various parts of the plant contain biologically active substances. In flowers - glycosides (sambunigrin, splitting into hydrocyanic acid, benzaldehyde and glucose, and others), semi-solid essential oil (0,27-0,32%, terpenes are an essential part of it), choline, rutin; alkaloids coniine and sanguinarine; carotene; acids: ascorbic (82 mg%), acetic, malic, chlorogenic, coffee, valeric, etc.; tannins, mucus, pentosans, resins, mineral salts. The fruits contain anthocyanins, ascorbic acid (10-49 mg%), carotene, rutin, sambucin, chrysanthemum, tannins (0,29-0,34%), carboxylic acids and amino acids (tyrosine), sugars, traces of essential oils. The seeds contain fatty oil and sambunigrin. In the leaves: in dry raw materials - sambunigrin (0,11%), resins with laxative properties, a small amount of essential oil. Fresh leaves contain ascorbic acid 200-280 mg%, carotene. The roots contain saponins, tannins and bitter substances. In the bark - essential oil, choline, triterpene compounds, ursolic acid methyl ester, betulin, alpha-amirin, beta-sitosterol, ceryl alcohol, choline, phytosterols, sugars, organic acids, pectin and tannins. Application in medicine. Preparations from black elderberry flowers have a diaphoretic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, disinfectant effect. They are used in the form of infusions, steams, decoctions, for colds, flu, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, kidneys and bladder, for rinsing the mouth. In gynecology, infusions and decoctions of black elderberry flowers are used for microclysters, douches and baths for inflammatory diseases of the vagina. Elder bark also has diuretic properties, which is confirmed by clinical observations. For constipation, they drink jelly made from fresh or dried elderberries. An infusion of flowers is used for rinsing with inflammatory diseases of the mouth and throat, for compresses and poultices. Antioxidant-rich black elderberry fruit juice is effective in inhibiting the spread of the influenza virus in the later stages of the disease cycle, when the cells are already infected with the virus. This antiviral activity can be attributed to its anthocyanidin compounds (especially its primary active compound, cyanidin-3-glucoside), the phytonutrients responsible for giving the fruit its vibrant purple color. In folk medicine, decoctions of elderberry flowers are taken for kidney diseases, rheumatism, gout and inflammation of the joints. Young elderberry leaves boiled in milk are used externally as an anti-inflammatory agent for burns, boils, diaper rash, inflammation of hemorrhoids. Sick joints are also recommended to be covered with a mixture of elderflower and chamomile flowers poured with boiling water, taken equally (emollient collection). Decoctions of elderberry roots are recommended for diabetes, although there is no convincing evidence of the effectiveness of such treatment. Leaves and young (up to 2 years old) branches with laxative properties are known as traditional medicine. Other uses. Jam, jam, jelly are occasionally cooked from black elderberry berries. In England, inflorescences are traditionally harvested in spring and the Elderflower cordial drink is prepared, which is also produced industrially. Sometimes the berries are boiled together with apples for a traditional apple pie. In Germany, elderflower syrup is used in the production of hard candies, cold and hot drinks. In Denmark, in the old days, a tea drink with medicinal properties was prepared from the flowers of black elderberry, described in H. K. Andersen's fairy tale "Elder Mother". Young elderberry blossoms are sometimes added to grape must to improve the aroma and taste of wine. From ripe fruits, a harmless dye used in the food industry can be obtained. Mature dried fruits are added when pickling some vegetables and in the manufacture of lightly salted cucumbers. An ornamental plant often grown in gardens and parks. Notable for ornamental foliage, lacy inflorescences with fragrant flowers, elegant fruits. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
Black elderberry, Sambucus nigra L. Description, habitats, nutritional value, use in cooking
Black elderberry is a large shrub from the honeysuckle family with a large number of trunks 3-5 m high, less often up to 10 m. The leaves are dark green, opposite, pinnate, bearing 5-7 lobes. The flowers are small, fragrant, yellowish-white, collected in large multi-flowered corymbs. Individual flowers are sessile or on short pedicels. Calyx five-toothed, cleft-leaved, barely noticeable. Corolla spike-shaped, five-lobed, 5-6 mm in diameter. Stamens 5, pistil 1, with a lower ovary, bears a massive disk with three stigmas. The fruit is a purple-black berry-like drupe with 3-5 seeds, rounded. Blooms in May-June. Good honey plant. It occurs in the undergrowth of deciduous forests, in shrub thickets in the southwest. The chemical composition has not been fully studied, but it is known that the flowers contain bitter glycoside sambunigrin, rutin, choline, malic, valeric, acetic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, ethyl, isobutyl and isoamylamines, vitamin C (82 mg%), essential oil. The berries contain up to 49 mg% of vitamin C, carotene, anthocyanin substances - chlorides of cyanidin glycosides, tannins, carboxylic acids and amino acids. As a remedy, black elderberry has been used since the Middle Ages. Elderberry water is prepared from elderberry flowers for perfumery and alcoholic beverages. The coloring matter of the elderberry fruit is used to tint wines and give them a nutmeg taste. In addition to flowers, fruits are widely used as food. Marmalade, mousses, fillings for pies and sweets, jelly, jam, wine, vinegar are prepared from them. Fragrant, tasty jams are cooked from flower petals. The flowers are mixed into the dough to improve the taste of the bread. Author: Koshcheev A.K.
Black elder, Sambucus nigra. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
It is believed that the Latin name of the genus Sambucus is associated with sambuca, an oriental musical instrument (genus of harp), made from elder wood, and reflects the similarity of the plant's branches with the strings of this musical instrument. It is possible that the name "sambucus" is associated with the red color of the elder fruit and comes from "sambyx" - red dye. Shrub or small tree 2-6 m high, rarely up to 10 m (not to be confused with the related herbaceous plant Sambucus ebulus). The stems are branched, have a thin woody shell and a white porous soft core. Young branches are green, then brownish-gray with a lot of yellowish lenticels. The leaves are opposite, large, 10-30 cm long, pinnate, consist of three to seven oblong-ovate long-pointed leaflets on very short petioles. Leaflets with a broadly wedge-shaped base, unequally serrate at the edges, dark green on the upper side, lighter below. Flowers - yellowish-white (some flowers are white), sessile or on pedicels, fragrant, 5-8 mm in diameter, five-petalled, collected in large flat multi-flowered corymbose inflorescences 10-25 cm in diameter, hanging after flowering. The calyx is five-toothed, the corolla is wheel-shaped, of five yellowish-white petals fused at the base. Stamens five adhering to the corolla tube. The ovary is semi-inferior, three-celled, with a short style and three villous stigmas. Blooms in May-June. The fruit is a black-violet berry-like juicy drupe 5-7 mm in diameter, with two to four seeds. The weight of 1000 seeds (pits) is 2,0-4,1 g. The flesh is dark red. Fruits in August - September. Natural range - almost all of Europe, Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, the temperate zone in Asia (western and northern Iran, Turkey), North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia), Macronesia (Azores and Madeira ), introduced and established in New Zealand. In Russia, it grows in the south of the European part. It grows as an undergrowth in coniferous and deciduous forests, forming thickets in places. Easily runs wild and spreads along roads, in cemeteries, in settlements, in wastelands. Various parts of the plant contain biologically active substances:
The plant is moderately poisonous to mammals, only flowers and mature fruits are used for food, and even then only after heat treatment or drying. Berries of black elderberry are used for making jam, marmalade, compotes, jelly. In Romania, the berries are used to make the traditional Romanian refreshing drink Socata (by fermenting black elderberry flowers, sugar, lemon and water). Sometimes the berries are boiled together with apples for a traditional apple pie. Biotta AG, a Swiss manufacturer, makes a freshly squeezed juice from hand-picked sun-ripened elderberries, enhancing the juice's action with an extract from elderflowers. Mature dried fruits are added when pickling some vegetables and in the manufacture of lightly salted cucumbers. From ripe berries, harmless food colors are obtained - purple and red. Juice or young inflorescences are added to grape must to improve the aroma and taste of the drink. In Slovakia and the Czech Republic, syrup is made from black elderberry flowers. In England, inflorescences are traditionally harvested in spring and Elderflower cordial is prepared, which is also produced industrially.
Elder black. reference Information
Shrub or small tree 2-6 m high, honeysuckle family. The flowers are small, yellowish-white, fragrant, in large many-flowered flat corymbose paniculate inflorescences. Blooms in May - July. The fruits are slimy, brown-violet, sour-sweet berries, ripen in August - September. Berries contain vitamins E, C, carotene, essential oil, sugars (glucose, fructose), tannins, salibutsin, chrysanthemum, amino acids (tyrosine); seeds - up to 30% fatty oil; flowers - essential oil, sambunigrin, choline, rutin, paraffin-like substance, organic acids (valeric, coffee, acetic, malic), mucous substances; fresh leaves - glycoside sambunigrin, splitting during drying into glucose, hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde, as well as significant amounts of vitamin C. Flowers and fruits are of interest as food products. Young fragrant inflorescences are added to grape must to give the wine a nutmeg smell and taste. The flowers are used to make jam. Adding them to the dough gives the liver an almond flavor. Flowers and fruits are used in the production of cognacs and liqueurs. Vinegar, tea and coffee surrogates are obtained from ripe fruits, confectionery products are prepared, seasonings for soups. Black elderberry has been known as a medicinal plant since the Middle Ages. It is widely used in modern medicine in different countries. An infusion of flowers is used for inhalation and rinsing with laryngitis, bronchitis, influenza, respiratory diseases and bronchiectasis, in the form of tea they drink with neuralgia, as an antitussive and diaphoretic. Extracts from the berries were sometimes used as a laxative, from the bark - as a diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative. Clinical trials of an extract from the bark of the branches gave positive results in the treatment of kidney and heart diseases accompanied by edema: patients experienced an increase in diuresis by 35-45% and a decrease in urine density. Flowers, leaves and bark are used in homeopathy. In folk medicine, flowers were also used for rheumatism, as an antitussive, antipyretic, expectorant, wound healing, for eye diseases, migraine, gout, kidney stones; bark - with erysipelas; young leaves - as a diuretic and hemostatic, with atherosclerosis, as a laxative and analgesic for gastric diseases, anti-inflammatory for burns, boils; berry juice - for diabetes, hepatitis, sciatica, stomach ulcers. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Elder mother. Featured article
"One little boy caught a cold once; where he got his feet wet - no one could understand: the weather was completely dry. His mother undressed him, put him to bed and ordered to bring a samovar to make elderberry tea and warm the boy." So begins Andersen's fairy tale "Elder Mother". The boy's mother brewed Sambucus nigra black elderberry inflorescences. This is a shrub or small tree of the honeysuckle family, common in Central and Western Europe, the Caucasus, and Asia Minor. The elderberry got its name for the color of the fruit - black-purple drupes with two or four seeds, up to six millimeters in diameter. They ripen in August - September, sometimes later. The flesh of the fruit is purple or red, sweet and sour in taste. It contains up to 6% sugars, organic acids (malic, acetic, tartaric, valeric, chlorogenic), anthocyanin pigment, tannins, essential oils, carotene, vitamins C and E, glycosides. Ripe fruits are eaten raw, and they are also used to make jam and jam, drinks, and pie fillings. Why elderberry in the garden? Elderberry is not only a fruit shrub, it has been revered since ancient times as a sacred tree. It was believed that the goddess of vegetation lives in it, which protects a person, his house and farm. "The Romans and Greeks called her Dryad! But for us this is too tricky a name, and in Novaya Slobodka she was given a better nickname:" Elder Mother "," says the old man from Andersen's fairy tale. Therefore, elderberry was planted near the house, in gardens and vegetable gardens. People believed that the specific smell of elderberry repels moles, mice and bloodsuckers, so cattle willingly graze in its shade. And here is the observation of the Russian agronomist Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov: “It happened not on purpose to one housewife to bring elderberry color into the hut to dry it for medicinal purposes. There were a huge number of cockroaches in the housewife’s hut. The hostess, noticing this, was surprised and guessed that the cockroaches did not like the elder spirit. "Moreover, the smell of it drove the cockroaches out of there, forcing them to go to the neighbor's house. Whether this is fair or not, I don't know, but it would not be superfluous to test it in those places where elderberry grows a lot." about medicinal purposes. Black elderberry is a medicinal plant. Back in the Middle Ages, there was a Latin manuscript in which the medicinal properties of all parts of black elderberry were described in detail on 230 pages. Unripe fruits are a strong diuretic and laxative, ripe ones remove toxins from the body, a decoction of them has a diuretic and analgesic effect. Russian medicine recognizes only flowers as medicinal raw materials. An infusion of them is prescribed as a diuretic for diseases of the kidneys and edema, with angina, they rinse their mouth and throat, with catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract, inhalation is done with it, with conjunctivitis and skin rashes, they are used externally. When they catch a cold, they drink hot elderberry tea to sweat well and keep warm. Perhaps it is this tea, sometimes mixed with linden flowers, that is the most famous elderberry medicine. To prepare it, two teaspoons of flowers are poured into a glass of boiling water and allowed to infuse for ten minutes. Is elderberry poisonous? Articles about elderberry are often accompanied by a warning that it is poisonous. All green parts of the plant, its flowers, unripe fruits and seeds contain the glycoside sambunigrin (C14H17NO6), which, when split, releases hydrocyanic acid. Only ripe fruits do not contain sambunigrin, but even they are recommended to be boiled, because when heated, cyanides dissolved in water decompose to form formate and ammonia. There is indeed sambunigrin in the leaves of black elderberry, but not in such quantities that they can be poisoned, unless, of course, you gnaw at a whole bush in one sitting. Eaten fresh leaves do not make you feel bad and do not even feel sick - it has been tested by experience. The Internet mentions a case of group poisoning with the juice of Mexican elderberry, which contains more toxins than black elderberry. Twenty-five Californians squeezed the juice from its berries, leaves and stems, drank it, and they became unwell. However, they quickly recovered, even the one who had to be hospitalized because he drank five glasses. However, this rarely happens. In addition, we do not know in what state these people undertook to squeeze the juice from the stems. Green vegetable. The leaves and young shoots of black elderberry are as nutritious as cabbage. The tops of the young shoots are added to salads and soups and eaten like asparagus. Shoots for food are cut in May. They should not be completely young, but lignified ones are not good either. The skin is removed from them and boiled in salted water until softened. To keep their color, add a little soda. Shoots can be pickled. To do this, they are cleaned and soaked overnight in cold water. In the morning they make a marinade: about 30 g of white pepper, coriander seeds and ground ginger, a pinch of nutmeg flowers are added per liter of vinegar. This mixture must be boiled. The shoots are taken out of salt water, dried with a towel, cut into small pieces, laid out in jars and poured with boiling marinade. Banks are kept in the oven for two hours at an average temperature (160 - 220 ° C), then carefully closed. inflorescences. Elderberry inflorescences are used to flavor and produce a variety of strong drinks, as well as non-alcoholic drinks. The easiest way to make lemonade. A jug filled with elderberry blossoms is filled with water and a few slices of lemon are added. The contents are insisted for a day under the lid. You can add honey to taste. In Romania, the inflorescences are poured with water and soaked for two or three days with yeast and lemon. If you do this in closed bottles, you get a carbonated drink. Elder cordial is popular in many countries. Inflorescences are harvested when they are just beginning to open, and poured with sugar syrup. Let it soak in the aroma of elderberry, then the buds are removed and a little citric acid or lemon juice is added as a preservative. Such a syrup is stored for a long time, and for drinking it is diluted ten times with water or soda and tonic, sometimes gin is added. Elder cordial is produced industrially, and there are also cheap analogues with an artificial elderberry flavor. If you don’t feel like drinking, you can bake elderberry inflorescences. Flour, eggs and butter are used to make a batter flavored with lemon zest. Each inflorescence is dipped into the batter and then fried in oil until golden brown. Let the butter drain and serve with maple syrup or a mixture of cinnamon and sugar. Elderflowers are good for flavoring apple cider vinegar. It is infused in a dark place for at least a month, then it is filtered, and a fresh inflorescence is added to the bottle, which is placed on the table. Fruit. The sour-sweet fruits of elderberry do not have a pronounced taste, so they are rarely used in their pure form, preferring to mix with apples or lemon juice and spices. Due to the low acid content, the fruits do not store well, so they must be processed immediately after harvest. You can make juice in a juicer. Since the bitter seeds remain intact, the juice does not become bitter either. They also make marmalade, jams and marmalades from elderberries. Berries with a minimum amount of water are boiled for 15 minutes over low heat, spices are added: cinnamon, vanilla, cloves or ginger - and rubbed through a fine sieve to separate the seeds. The liquid is heated again and sugar is poured into it, it is taken half as much by weight as berries. The jam is heated until the sugar dissolves, and transferred to jars. Elderberry can be boiled with blackberries, red currants, plums, rhubarb or apples. In addition to sweet preparations, there are also spicy ones, for example, chutney. A kilogram of washed and peeled fruits is heated over low heat so that the elderberry gives juice. Then a chopped onion, a teaspoon of ginger, two tablespoons of sugar, a pinch of cayenne pepper, a little bit of other spices are added to it: allspice, cumin, coriander, nutmeg - and half a liter of vinegar. All this is cooked over low heat until thickened, stirring constantly so that the mixture does not burn. Ready chutney is poured into sterilized jars and carefully closed. Another recipe. Half a liter of washed and peeled berries is placed in a jar, poured with the same amount of boiling vinegar and left overnight. In the morning, the liquid is filtered, the fruits are squeezed through cheesecloth into a saucepan. Add 30 g of finely chopped shallots, 45 g of peeled, chopped ginger, 15 g of black pepper and nutmeg on the tip of a knife, boil for 10 minutes and pour into sterilized bottles. And finally, wine. Peeled berries are poured with two-thirds of boiling water, left in a warm place for a day, and then filtered and added for every 3,5-4 liters of liquid 1,5 kg of sugar, 15 g of ginger and 7 g of cloves and cinnamon. This mixture is boiled for 20 minutes over low heat, removing the foam, poured into barrels, which are not closed until the liquid ferments, and then left to mature for six months.
Elder black. Interesting plant facts
Black elderberry is a well-known plant that grows in forests and vegetable gardens, wastelands and shrubs, on fertile, well-moistened soils. The fruits are small, black-purple with dark red flesh, collected in large brushes. They ripen in August, have a sweet and sour nauseating taste, so they are not consumed fresh. In the Caucasus, flour kissels, semolina porridges with sugar are prepared from elderberries, wine is made and vodka is distilled. The flowers are used to make a fragrant tincture, which is added to wine and liqueurs. Berry juice is widely used in the alcoholic beverage industry for coloring fruit and berry wines. Berries are dried in the fresh air or in dryers, and fresh berries can be prepared into jams, jellies, mousses, tea and coffee surrogates, pie fillings. A decoction of the bark of annual shoots is used in the treatment of intrauterine bleeding and as a diuretic, the leaves and young shoots are used as an emetic and laxative Barberry ordinary. Often found in parks, gardens, forest plantations of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. Due to the fact that the barberry is an intermediate host of rust fungi, it has been ruthlessly destroyed in forest tracts so far, it was not recommended to be introduced into forest crops, so the number of the genus has greatly decreased in recent years. Flowers are added to grape wine during fermentation to give them a pleasant, somewhat honeyed aroma. In the Donbass, delicious honey is prepared from elderberry flowers, which a non-specialist cannot distinguish from real bee honey. A liter jar is filled with elderberry flowers without pedicels and poured with sugar syrup. The syrup is made from one part boiled water and one part sugar. Infuse for 1,5-2 days and then heat, bring to a boil and boil for 20 minutes. Hot infusion is filtered through a fine sieve and cooled. It turns out artificial flower elderberry honey with a strong and pronounced honey aroma, pleasant taste. Unripe elderberry fruits are used to prepare tonic masks, ice is obtained from frozen juice for a tonic massage. During winter storage, apples often acquire an unpleasant earthy aroma and lose their taste. In order to prevent a decrease in quality to some extent, stored apples are shifted with dry leaves of elderberry, bird cherry, mountain ash. Author: Reva M.L.
Black elder, Sambucus nigra. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
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Black elder, Sambucus nigra. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Black elderberry (lat. Sambucus nigra) is a tree or shrub that usually grows up to 6 meters tall. This is a common plant in the temperate latitudes of Europe, Asia and North America. It has a wide application in cooking, medicine and cosmetology. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing black elderberry: Cultivation:
Harvesting and storage:
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