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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Actinidia kolomikta (Amur actinidia). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
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Actinidia kolomikta (Amur actinidia), Actinidia kolomikta. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: actinidia Family: Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) Origin: Actinidia kolomikta originates from North Asia, mainly from Russia, China, Korea and Japan. Area: Actinidia kolomikta plants are found mainly in the northern regions of Eurasia, from Eastern Siberia to Korea and Japan. They grow in the wild on the banks of rivers, in forests and on mountain slopes. Chemical composition: Actinidia kolomikta contains a large number of useful substances, including vitamin C, calcium, iron, phosphorus, antioxidants and others. It also contains beneficial acids, such as citric and malic acids. Economic value: Actinidia kolomikta is widely used in the food industry, mainly for the production of juices, compotes, jams, wines and other drinks. In addition, actinidia kolomikta is also used as an ornamental plant, and its fruits are of high value in cooking due to their unique taste and aroma. Legends, myths, symbolism: Actinidia kolomikta is often associated with abundance and wealth, as well as with exotic cultures and distant lands. In some cultures, Amur actinidia is considered a symbol of happiness, wealth and prosperity. In Japan, actinidia kolomikta is considered a symbol of eternal youth and beauty, and its fruits are widely used in cooking and in the production of drinks. In China, Amur actinidia is known as "dragon seeds" and is associated with dragon mythology.
Actinidia kolomikta (Amur actinidia), Actinidia kolomikta. Description, illustrations of the plant Actinidia kolomikta (Amur actinidia), Actinidia kolomikta. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
The botanical name of the genus Actinidia comes from the Greek words "aktinos" - ray and "eidos" - view, for the radiant arrangement of the ovary columns. Perennial shrub woody liana, up to 25 meters long, trunks up to 2-5 cm in diameter with slightly flaky bark. Shoots are shiny, dark brown, smooth, with curly or erect branches climbing to a height of 14 m or more. Young shoots with numerous longitudinal and dotted light lenticels. Upon contact with the support, the non-lignified vegetative shoot begins to spiral around it in a counterclockwise direction. This occurs when the thickness of the support is not more than 10 cm. If there is a thicker support or in the absence of it, the upper part of the shoot bends sharply down and wraps around its own shoot. The plant vegetates for about 150 days. In the first three years it grows very quickly, reproduces well vegetatively. Under favorable conditions, lives up to 80-100 years. The leaves are alternate, on petioles 2-7 cm long, elliptical, less often ovate with a heart-shaped or rounded base, long-pointed, doubly serrated; the leaf blade is thin, shortly pubescent along the veins, without bristly hairs below, 5-13 cm long, often asymmetric. An interesting feature is the changing color of the leaves. At the beginning of growth, they are bronze, then green, before flowering, the ends of most leaves become bright white, and after flowering - pinkish, then crimson red. In autumn, the leaves turn pink, yellow, light yellow or purple-red. The variegation is especially pronounced in plants growing in lighted places, but is absent in bushy plants found at the upper limit of distribution in the mountains. The flowers are actinomorphic, white or slightly pinkish on the outside with a delicate pleasant smell; on thin pedicels, drooping, unisexual, dioecious, less commonly bisexual. Perianth double, sepals and petals five. The calyx remains with the fruits, drying up. Staminate flowers about 10 mm in diameter, usually arranged in three-flowered corymbs; pistillate and bisexual flowers up to 15 mm in diameter, located one at a time in the leaf axils. Pistil with multilocular ovary; columns 8-12 (16), fused at base, arcuately recurved at apex, ending in capitate stigmas. There are many stamens, they are free. Ovary superior, naked. It blooms in June, starting from 4-6 years of age. Flowering time - up to 20 days. Fruits are dark green berries with 12 or more dark longitudinal stripes, oblong, elliptical, rarely rounded. When ripe, soft, sweet and fragrant, up to 3 cm long and 1,5 cm wide. Seeds are numerous (up to 90 pieces per berry), small, dark brown or yellowish with a reticulate fine-mesh surface; weight of 1000 seeds is 0,82-1 g. It bears fruit from the age of 9, the fruits ripen in July-September, very unevenly, easily crumble when ripe. It is found in the Far East: in China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Korea; in Primorye, the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur Region, the southern and central regions of Sakhalin, on Iturup, Kunashir and Shikotan. Actinidia kolomikta grows in many types of forests: in cedar and fir-broad-leaved, broad-leaved-spruce and fir-spruce forests, but the most favorable conditions for its growth are created in fir-spruce forests with the participation of cedar and broad-leaved species. Here it reaches its maximum size and forms thickets along the banks of springs and in lighted areas. It also develops well in clearings and burnt areas, in forest clearings and edges. Being an extra-tiered plant, actinidia kolomikta is also a characteristic part of the undergrowth, along with Maak's honeysuckle, Manchurian hazel, mock orange, spiny eleutherococcus, high aralia - "devil's tree", Amur grapes and Chinese lemongrass; prefers well-drained humus soils, where it is often found in large numbers. In the form of a small bush with annually freezing shoots, it grows along the edges of stony placers, rising into the mountains of Southern Primorye to a height of 1300-1400 m above sea level. At the northern borders of the range, it rises to the mountains no higher than 150 m. Actinidia fruits are rich in ascorbic acid (up to 1430 mg% per crude substance), also contain sugars (4,2-9,8%), tannins and pectin substances, pigments, trace elements, organic acids (0,78-2,48%) . In terms of the content of ascorbic acid, they are close to rose hips and are superior in this respect to orange, lemon and black currant. The leaves also contain up to 0,1% ascorbic acid. The fruits are edible, in the mature state the berries are soft, sweet and fragrant, in the immature very sour and astringent. In taste, they resemble strawberries, bananas, watermelons, apples, but most often - pineapples, they have tonic and healing properties. They are eaten fresh and processed. They are used to prepare tinctures, wines, marshmallows, marmalade, mousse, ice cream, make jam, jam, and also dry (raisins). The fruits are harvested ripe and processed mainly fresh. Less often they are dried and dried at a temperature of 60 ° C. In the fruits of actinidia, a specific substance, actinidin, was found. It acts on the human body like the papain enzyme contained in the fruits of the melon tropical papaya tree and promotes the digestion of food, in particular meat. Actinidia berries have a beneficial effect on the work of the stomach, they are especially useful for people suffering from constipation. Actinidia berries are used in folk medicine as an antihelminthic, laxative and antiscorbutic. Glycosides and phytoncides, which regulate and stimulate cardiac activity, attach high medical value to the fruits of actinidia. It is used as a vitamin remedy for the prevention and treatment of beriberi. In folk medicine of the Far East, the fruits are used as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for scurvy, as well as for various bleeding, tuberculosis, dental caries, whooping cough, stomatitis, bronchitis. Actinidia fruits, juice and alcohol tincture dilate blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, make the walls of blood vessels soft, elastic and strengthen them. Actinidia is used to stimulate cardiac activity, as an antiscorbutic and tonic, as well as for colds and respiratory diseases. Actinidia berry extract is a useful remedy for radiation injuries, which promotes the binding and excretion of radionuclides from the body, and also prevents the absorption of radioactive isotopes of potassium and chlorine. Eating actinidia berries, as well as taking decoctions and infusions made from them, is not recommended for people suffering from thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, or increased blood clotting. You should also not overeat it, as this is fraught with indigestion. The fruits are suitable for fresh consumption, as well as for all types of processing. At the same time, it is important that a significant amount of vitamin C is preserved in the processed products. Adult plants of this actinidia are decorative. Cultivated as an ornamental and fruit plant since 1855. This species is the most winter-hardy species of the genus, it is successfully cultivated in open ground in the northern regions of horticulture with a frost-free period of 105-160 days and a sum of active air temperatures above 1400 °C. For planting use seedlings under the age of four years. The ratio of male and female plants is 1:3 - 1:5. Seedlings are located at a distance of at least 1,5-2 m from one another. The depth of the planting pit is 50-60 cm. Drainage is laid at the bottom (stones, pebbles, broken bricks) and fertile soil is poured mixed with humus and mineral fertilizers (a bucket of humus or compost, 100-200 g of superphosphate, 30 g of potash fertilizers, 20 g of ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate). Lime should not be applied to the soil where actinidia grows. Digging the trunk circle is not recommended, only small loosening is allowed. Actinidia vines need durable supports (trellises, ladders) 2-2,5 m high. In dry weather, in the morning and evening, young plantings are sprayed with water. Actinidia is propagated vegetatively by stem summer cuttings with three buds or seeds. Semi-lignified cuttings that have begun to turn brown are cut in June - before and during the flowering of vines. They take root especially quickly when treated with root or a solution of indolylbutyric acid. Even easier than cuttings, seedlings grown from seeds adapt to new living conditions. Only freshly harvested seeds are used, since small actinidia seeds quickly lose their germination capacity. You can also sow in the spring after the so-called fractional stratification of seeds during the winter in wet sand. In early November, dry seeds are removed from the sand, wrapped in a light cloth and soaked for four days, changing the water daily. At the end of this period, the soaked seeds, wrapped in a cloth, are buried in clean, calcined, pre-moistened sand (a wooden box is suitable for this purpose) and kept for two months in a room at a temperature of 18-20 ° C. During this time, once a week, the seed bundle is taken out, unfolded for 5 minutes to air, then wrapped, washed under running water, squeezed lightly and placed back in the sand. Two months later, a box with seeds is buried deep under the snow for two months and only after that it is stored in a cool room with a temperature of no more than 10-12 ° C. After 20-30 days, the seeds that have hatched are sown in a box with fertile soil, which is kept at room temperature. In the phase of three or four true leaves, actinidia seedlings are transplanted into open ground. In the fifth or sixth year of life, the plants bloom and give the first berries. Actinidia bears fruit in one place for more than 50 years.
Actinidia colomikta, Actinidia colomicta muxim and Actinidia acute, Actinidia arguta. Botanical description, habitat and habitats, chemical composition, use in medicine and industry
Synonyms: raisins, kishmish, pepper, creeper. Liana-like shrubs up to 15 m in height of the Actinidiaceae family (Actinidiaceae). The leaves are alternate oval, pointed, with a heart-shaped base. The flowers are dioecious white or pink, in corymbose inflorescences. The fruit is a multi-celled dark green berry with a pleasant taste. Range and habitats. It is found in the Far East: in China, Japan, Korea; in Primorye, the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur Region, the southern and central regions of Sakhalin, on Iturup, Kunashir and Shikotan. It rises upwards in Southern Primorye to a height of 1300-1400 m, where individual specimens are found along the edges of stony placers. Here it grows in the form of a small bush, in which the ends of the shoots are strongly and annually frosted over. With advancement to the north, the upper boundary of the distribution noticeably decreases. At the northern borders of the range, it rises to the mountains no higher than 500 m. The most common type of actinidia. It grows in many types of forests: in cedar and fir-broad-leaved, broad-leaved-spruce and fir-spruce forests, but the most favorable conditions for its growth are created in fir-spruce forests with the participation of cedar and broad-leaved species. Chemical composition. The fruits of actinidia kolomikta have exceptionally high antiscorbutic activity. In terms of the content of ascorbic acid, they are close to rose hips and are superior in this respect to orange, lemon and black currant. The fruits are harvested ripe and processed mainly fresh. Less commonly, they are dried and dried at a temperature of 60 ° C. The fruits are rich in ascorbic acid (up to 1430 mg% per crude substance); also contain sugars (4,2-9,8%), tannins and pectin substances, pigments, trace elements, organic acids (0,78-2,48%). The leaves contain up to 0,1% ascorbic acid. Leaves during the growing season contain (from absolutely dry matter): 12,6% ash, 18,8% protein, 8,2% fat, 17,5% fiber, 42,9% BEV.
Application in medicine. Actinidia fruits, juice and alcohol tincture dilate blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, make the walls of blood vessels soft, elastic and strengthen them. Actinidia is used to stimulate cardiac activity, as an antiscorbutic and tonic, as well as for colds and respiratory diseases. Actinidia berry extract is a useful remedy for radiation injuries, which promotes the binding and excretion of radionuclides from the body, and also prevents the absorption of radioactive isotopes of potassium and chlorine. In the fruits of all types of actinidia, a specific substance, actinidin, was found. It acts on the human body like the papain enzyme contained in the fruits of the melon tropical papaya tree and promotes the digestion of food, in particular meat. Actinidia berries have a beneficial effect on the work of the stomach, they are especially useful for people suffering from constipation. Other uses. Honey plant. Bees collect nectar and pollen in it. The productivity of honey is 30-85 kg/ha. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
Actinidia. reference Information
Large perennial woody climbing vines or climbing shrubs of the Actinidia family, living in the subtropics, tropics and partly in the temperate latitudes of East Asia. Three species are common in culture: actinidia kolomikta, actinidia sharp-toothed and actinidia chinensis. Actinidia kolomikta, or Amur gooseberry, is found in the wild in cedar-broad-leaved and mountain spruce-fir forests in the Far East. In recent years, this species has been intensively introduced into; culture in different parts of the country. I. V. Michurin bred productive and winter-hardy varieties of actinidia kolomikta - Pineapple Michurina, Large Michurinskaya, Clara Zetkin. The fruits of actinidia kolomikta contain 4-10% sucrose with a predominance of glucose and fructose monosaccharides, organic acids (0,8-2,5%), vitamin C (up to 1500 mg%). Actinidia surpasses citrus fruits in the content of this vitamin. Sharp-toothed actinidia is the most productive species (especially the varieties bred by I. V. Michurin - Harvest, Late, Early), but its fruits contain up to 500 mg% of vitamin C. The plant is less frost-resistant than actinidia kolomikta. Dried fruits of actinidia sharp-toothed resemble raisins. Actinidia sinensis in terms of vitamin C content in fruits is almost equal to rose hips. This species is the most valuable, its pubescent fruits are excellent in taste, juicy and fragrant. Its vitamin properties are well preserved during canning. Actinidia sinensis grows only in mild climates. In folk medicine of the Far East, the fruits of various types of actinidia have long been used to prevent and treat scurvy, as well as a hemostatic and antitussive agent, for tuberculosis and whooping cough. Actinidia is a wonderful food vitamin product. They are used fresh and canned, as well as for the preparation of wines, jelly, marshmallows, marmalade, compotes, syrups, candy fillings; berries are well preserved in frozen and dried forms. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Actinidia. Interesting plant facts
If you want to be in the garden of beauty and benefit, benefit and benefit again, plant actinidia kolomikta - actinidia kolomikta! This deciduous liana is good for everyone - it grows quickly, covers unsightly surfaces with a decorative carpet, has very unusual foliage, which is green at first, then partially white, and after flowering - pinkish-red. It blooms, though imperceptibly, but the aroma of the flowers is pleasant, fragrant, with a lemon-lily of the valley trail. And in September, after a sunny summer, you can harvest a decent harvest of fruits - medium-sized, sweet and sour berries, very rich in vitamin C. This plant is a relic, scientists say that it has been preserved in East Asia since the Tertiary period, when the Far East (it's hard to believe) had a subtropical climate. Looking at actinidia, you involuntarily wonder - why such an unusual color of the leaves? There is a legend that when the great-great-great-grandmother of modern actinidia grew in the Garden of Eden, her fragrant flowers were constantly eaten by heavenly cows, and the poor plant could not show its beauty to the gods. Then she got used to hiding the flowers under the leaves. A new misfortune - the flowers stopped seeing the bees! The gods took pity on actinidia and rewarded it with an unusual leaf color that lures bees. When the bees fly up to the leaves, they smell the scent of the flowers and - bingo - everything converges!
Actinidia kolomikta (Amur actinidia), Actinidia kolomikta. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
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Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Actinidia kolomikta (Amur actinidia), Actinidia kolomikta. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Actinidia kolomikta (Actinidia kolomikta) is a fruit plant that can be grown in the garden or in the backyard. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing actinidia kolomikta: Cultivation:
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