Crash or sudden braking of a train. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Crash or sudden braking of a train. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Industrial accidents and disasters in railway transport can be of two types. These are accidents (catastrophes) that occur at production facilities that are not directly related to the movement of trains (at factories, depots, stations, etc.), and train accidents during movement.

The first type of accidents (catastrophes) for railway transport facilities is of a general nature, the second is of a specific nature associated with severe consequences and a break in the movement of trains.

Natural disasters that can cause accidents (catastrophes) in railway transport or directly cause material damage and lead to human casualties at railway transport facilities include: earthquakes, floods, landslides, hurricanes, fires, etc. areas affected by earthquakes may be subject to destruction, damage and landslides. Destruction of tracks and artificial structures can lead to a disruption in the movement of trains in entire sections, to the derailment of trains during movement.

In order to avoid the destructive effects of certain types of natural disasters on railway facilities, the presence of appropriate engineering structures is provided. So, to protect the railway track from stone and snow landslides, special galleries and retaining walls are built, and from erosion of the subgrade - drainage and bank protection structures (ditches, dams, traverses, etc.).

Putting out fires at railway stations and on trains along the route is fraught with great difficulties and many dangers. At railway stations and junctions in a relatively small area, a large number of wagons with various cargoes are usually concentrated, including flammable fuels and lubricants (POL), explosive substances (EX) and poisonous substances (NS). So, tanks with fuels and lubricants, explosives easily ignite from heating, spreading combustion over large areas. There may also be trains with people. Cars in trains and on adjacent tracks are in close proximity to each other, which creates the danger of a rapid spread of fire in the event of a fire, and the access of fire engines to the place of burning is difficult due to the lack of driveways and passages, especially across the railway tracks. Laying fire hoses across the tracks is difficult, the hoses have to be laid under the rails, making recesses in the ballast.

Explosions of tanks with strong toxic substances can form zones of dangerous contamination. To prevent the explosion of the tank, it is necessary to periodically open the hatches of the filler necks of these tanks (especially when the train with tanks is moving). The elimination of fires on the territory of railway stations and junctions is associated with the need to withdraw the train from the territory of the station to stages, dead ends and access roads. First of all, trains with people and dangerous goods are subject to withdrawal. In electrified sections, in the event of a fire, free station tracks should be provided and diesel locomotives (steam locomotives) should be used to disperse the trains.

Fires that occur in trains en route are of great danger, especially in passenger trains and trains carrying flammable and poisonous substances. It is difficult to detect a fire along the way, there are no powerful fire extinguishers in the trains, while the fire quickly flares up and spreads while moving.

Taking into account the increased fire hazard of railway transport facilities and the complexity of extinguishing fires, special fire fighting services have been created on the railways and in their departments. At large railway stations and junctions, a fire water supply system is provided: fire trains, fire stations and special civil defense units.

The fire train, consisting of a diesel locomotive, a motor car with a motor pump, several water tanks and a rest car, has a 200-liter tank with a foaming agent, with which 60 m3 of air-mechanical foam can be prepared. Such a train is served by a team of 5 people.

At railway transport facilities, water, as well as foam and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers, are widely used to extinguish fires. Water can be supplied from the railway water supply system or from available open sources (rivers, lakes, ponds), as well as from urban water supply systems using truck-mounted pumping stations. With a significant removal of water from the fire, pipeline fire departments of military units can be used.

To reduce the fire hazard, a train with fuel, lubricants and explosives, if possible, is passed through large railway junctions without stopping or taken to tracks specially designated for them, remote from the receiving and departure passenger and freight tracks.

Extinguishing fires in passenger and freight trains en route is assigned to train crews and conductors of passenger cars. At stations, the head of the station is responsible for the state of fire protection.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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Exciting movies turn off the brain 12.08.2015

What goes on in our heads when we watch a truly immersive movie? The answer to this question can be found in an article in the journal Neuroscience published by a group of psychologists from the State University of New York at Stony Brook and the Georgia Institute of Technology. What is happening in the brain, which areas are more active, which ones are less, can be found out using functional magnetic resonance imaging. That is, all that was required of the researchers was to show the volunteers lying in the fMRI machine some particularly impressive excerpts from the world's film heritage, and then carefully analyze which brain signals relate specifically to the experienced cinematic sensations.

Ten well-known films were selected for the experiment, from Hitchcock's "North by Northwest" and "The Man Who Knew Too Much" to Ridley Scott's "Alien". Along the edges of the screen on which the movie was shown, light signals flashed from time to time, which were supposed to distract the viewer from the movie. Moreover, distracting flashes were built in a checkerboard pattern, since it is known that it always distracts visual neurons quite strongly.

It turned out that in the most intense scenes, where the suspense rapidly increased, the activity in the spur (or visual) sulcus of the brain, which is responsible for processing most of the visual information, changed: those parts of it that were responsible for peripheral vision calmed down, and those that were responsible for the center of the visual field, on the contrary, they were strongly activated. Roughly speaking, when the hero was in danger, the brain looked only at him, but when the hero managed to get out of a difficult situation, the brain looked not only at him, but also, say, at the interior or nature, in the middle of which the character was, and and chess flashes at the edges of the screen.

In addition to the spur sulcus, there are other areas in the brain responsible for analyzing visual information at a higher level, but they also responded to suspense in a similar way, narrowing attention to the center of the visual field. That is, when we say that we watched a movie, forgetting about everything, this is not a figure of speech at all - the consciousness really stops following what is happening around, and literally we see and hear nothing, except for the movie.

Obviously, the same thing happens in any case when we are completely absorbed in some business.

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