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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Hoe farming. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Since ancient times, one of the main human occupations has been gathering. By this word, modern scientists mean the collection of edible seeds, nuts, fruits, roots, larvae, eggs, etc. There are different points of view about the origin of agriculture and animal husbandry. Some researchers believe that cattle breeding arose among hunting tribes, and agriculture among tribes that were mainly engaged in collecting edible plants. Other scientists argue that cattle breeding arose only when the developed agriculture created the prerequisites (forage supply) for animal breeding. The latest archeological evidence indicates that the prerequisites for the transition to agriculture and cattle breeding began to take shape during the Mesolithic period among tribes engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering at the same time.
During the X-VIII millennium BC. e. among the hunting tribes that lived in Western Asia, the prerequisites for the transition to agriculture and cattle breeding first of all began to be created. Settling mainly in mountainous regions, these tribes were engaged in hunting for gazelles, bezoar goats, etc. At first, the gathering and domestication of animals did not yet play a big role in the economy of these tribes. Gradually, the collection of wild-growing cereal plants begins to occupy, if not a leading, then a significant place in the economy of primitive tribes. Simultaneously with the collection of cereal plants, the process of domestication of animals also took place. The first domestic animal (excluding the dog), according to the latest data, was goats. Sheep were domesticated almost simultaneously. The collection of wild cereals and the beginning of the domestication of animals led to the transition of hunting tribes from a nomadic and semi-nomadic way of life to a settled way of life, to agriculture. The earliest monuments - the settlements of the first farmers - were discovered in those areas where the necessary prerequisites for this transition were formed. Archaeologists trace a certain continuity of these monuments with the monuments of the Mesolithic period. Agricultural settled settlements appear in the Middle East in the VIII-VII millennium BC. e. in Jordan (Jericho), in northern Iraq (Jarmo), in southwestern Iran (Ali-Kosh), in southern Turkey (Chatal-Guyuk). People began to lead a settled way of life, building adobe houses, domesticating sheep, goats and, somewhat later, pigs.
The settlement of agricultural tribes in the arid regions of Mesopotamia led there to the emergence of irrigated agriculture, which gave clear advantages over agriculture in mountainous regions. Chronologically, this refers to the VI millennium BC. e. Agricultural settlements were distributed in the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates to Baghdad. As a result of the advancement of agricultural tribes further south, one of the most ancient civilizations, the Sumerian, developed there in later times. It is difficult to say whether agriculture in Egypt developed independently or whether it arose under the influence of the settlement of Syro-Palestinian agricultural tribes to the south. However, it is known that in the XNUMXth millennium BC. e. in the Nile Delta in Upper Egypt, there was an established agricultural culture. The Asia Minor agricultural and cattle-breeding center influenced the spread of agriculture in Greece, where settlements of the XNUMXth millennium BC were discovered. e. with developed forms of conducting such an economy. From Greece, agriculture penetrates into the XNUMXth millennium BC. e. to the Balkans. From V to III millennium BC. e. agriculture spreads across Central Europe and reaches southern Scandinavia and the British Isles. Perhaps, the agricultural and pastoral culture of China (Yangshao) developed independently. It dates back to a late time: III millennium BC. e., but the initial period dates back to the XNUMXth-XNUMXth millennium BC. e. The main tool for gathering was a thick digging stick, one end of which was sharpened and fire-fired for strength. But already in very ancient times, along with it, a stick with a transverse knot began to be used, more convenient for digging the earth. In this tool, you can see the prototype of a hoe. Later, the working part of such a stick was made of horn or bone.
Finally, stone hoes appeared, impaled on a wooden handle. This tool could dig up the earth, turn it over and break clods. When people switched to cultural cultivation of plants, the hoe remained the main agricultural tool of the farmer for several millennia.
However, the path from the simple collection of edible plants and fruits to the conscious cultivation of the land and the cultivation of cultivated plants was unspeakably long and stretched over hundreds of thousands of years. One of the earliest agricultural cultures on earth developed about 9-8 thousand years BC. in the territory of Palestine. Excavations in the Carmel Mountains give grounds to assert that the locals not only systematically collected wild barley, but also produced crops. However, it can be assumed that in the tropical zone, conscious farming arose even earlier. The study of such cultivated plants as bananas makes us think that their cultivation began about 15 thousand years BC. Together with agriculture, a new era in the history of mankind began. Since that time, people began not only to appropriate the fruits of nature, but also to consciously produce them. Their life began to depend not so much on the whims of nature, but on the results of their own activities. Author: Ryzhov K.V.
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