Chopped. History of invention and production

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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
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Chopped. History of invention and production

The history of technology, technology, objects around us

Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us

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For many millennia of their early history, people did not know the use of metals. The main material for the manufacture of the first tools was stone, and it was with the processing of stone that the first great discoveries in the history of mankind were associated. Not every stone can be used to make a good tool. The earliest were made of pebbles, much later man mastered flints. Seashores, riverbeds, especially mountain streams, are rich in pebbles of various sizes, shapes, colors and rocks.

Chopped
Various forms of hand axes found: 1) in England; 2) in France; K) in Spain; 4) in Algeria; 5) South Africa; 6) in Palestine; 7) in India; 8) in America

The rolled shape of these stones is very convenient for gripping them by hand. Therefore, it was oval flattened pebbles that served the ancient man as the material for the manufacture of his first working tool - a hand axe. Two stones were required for work: one (softer) served as a blank, and the other (from harder rocks) - for striking. The upholstery started at the narrow end. After the first impact, a recess in the form of a shell was formed on the surface of the workpiece. It served as a shock platform for further processing. The craftsman continued to beat the edges of the cleavage first from one side, then from the other side of the stone. With each new impact, the number of impact sites increased, and the workpiece gradually took on the required shape.

This work required a lot of patience, concentration and skill. Any blow was a kind of creative act. Any incorrectly made chipping led to the fact that the workpiece deteriorated, and processing had to be started all over again. The natural desire of man was to avoid this unpleasant result. Therefore, the technique of stone processing gradually became more complicated.

Chopped
Lower Paleolithic Hacksaw

An important step along this path was taken when a new tool came into use - a chipper, which played the role of a modern chisel or adze. As it was used a sharp hard stone or the horn of a red deer, which was distinguished by great hardness. By placing the chipper at the desired point on the workpiece and hitting it with another stone or wooden mallet, the master could coordinate the force and direction of the blow much more accurately. At the same time, the chip turned out to be long and thin, and the product took on a more regular shape.

But in order to finally subdue the material, a person had to master a technique that made it possible to remove excess layers of stone literally millimeters. With such accuracy, it was possible to give the workpiece any conceived shape. This became possible when the percussion technique began to be supplemented by the wringer technique. Having given the stone a suitable look with several blows, the master put down the mallet and began to act as a chipper like a chisel, removing excess material in thin layers.

It is curious that this work is completely beyond the power of a modern person who squeezes out no more than 60 kg on a dynamometer on average. In order to successfully cope with the wringing technique, the human hand had to be at least six times stronger. Such was the power of the Neanderthal, which, according to scientists, was not inferior in strength to the current gorilla.

The hand ax was the first great invention of ancient man, greatly facilitating his life. With the help of a chopper, holding it differently, either by a blunt or by a sharp end, it was possible to grind and grind plant food, scrape and clean the bark, crush nuts, separate roots and branches, loosen the earth in search of root crops, kill small animals. It was a versatile tool with many different functions.

Simultaneously with the hand ax, flakes from flint turned out to be in the service of man - various points, piercings, ancient side-scrapers. This simple tool allowed a person to skin a carcass, cut the skin, and divide the meat into pieces.

Author: Ryzhov K.V.

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